Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/810

* XANTHOPHYLL. 690 XENOCRATES. XANTHOPHYLL (from Gk. foeWs, xan- thos, yellow + ipiWoy, phyUon, leaf). The term applie'd to the yellow pigment or pigments, asso- ciated with the" green ones, both being sometimes included in the terra chlorophyll (q.v. ). The term carotin (q.v.) is replacing .xanthophyll, which is now identified with the yellow coloring matter in carrot roots. In the great uncertainty as to its chemistry it has been considered by some as a deecimpnsitiou product of chlorophyll. XANTHOIlKH.ffiA. See Gr.ss Tree. XANTHOXYLUM. A genus of plants. See Zaxthoxylum. XANTHUS, zfm'thus (Lat., from Gk. Stti-^oc). The capital of ancient Lycia. It lay at the south- west corner of Asia Minor, its site being near the modern village of Gunik. When the Persians under Harpagus invaded Lycia, after the conquest of Croesus and the Lydians, the inhabitants resist- ed with desperation,' and finally burned their city and fell themselves in a last sally, only eighty families surviving the catastrophe. Though their country was reduced to a Persian satrapy, the Xanthians seem to have remained under their own princes, who waged petty wars against tribes resisting their authority. Xanthus was captured by Alexander and shared the fate of Lycia during the wars of his successors and under the Pvomans. In B.C. 43 the city resisted Brutus, and few sur- vived. It suffered severely by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius. The site is now occupied only by a few wretched huts. The ancient ruins were first fully described by Sir Charles Fellows (q.v.), and later English excavations resulted in the transfer of an interesting series of sculptures to the British Museum. One is the Harpy Tomb, so called from figures which were once interpreted as the Harpies with the daughters of Pandarus. It is now recognized that they represent the carry- ing away of souls to the other world. The other reliefs seem to represent offerings either to the heroized dead or to the powers of the lower world. The sculptures, evidently C4reek in origin, are good examples of Ionian art of the sixth century B.C. The other striking monument belongs to a later date. It was a tomb in the form of a lofty pedestal, on which was a cella, surrounded by an Ionic colonnade, with four columns in front and six on the sides. Around the base ran two friezes, another decorated the cella, and a fourth was carved on the architrave of the peristyle. The pediments also contained sculptures, and in the intercoluiuniations stood the statues of so- called Nereids, which have given the monument its name. The friezes represent battles, the storm- ing of a city, sports, and banquets. It has been supposed that the monument was the tomb of Pericles and that the sculptures refer to his wars and especially the capture of Telmessus. As to the probable' date, there is much difference of ojiinion. It was formerly commonly held that the art belonged to the early part of the foiirth cen- tury B.C., but recent opinion inclines to a date not many years after B.C. 42.5. The other sculptures in London as well as the remains in situ are chiefly connected with tombs; but there is a fair- ly well-preserved theatre, now much overgrown, remains of the Roman gate, and Acropolis walls of various dates. Of importance for the Lycian language is the inscription on the 'Harpagus stele,' sometimes called the columna Xanthiaci, which seems to relate to the exploits of a native- ruler in the fifth century B.C. A Greek epigram seems to indicate that he regarded his victories as in some way revenging the Persian defeat at the Eurymedon. See Lycia. XATIVA, Ha'te-vS. A city in Spain. See Jativa. XAVIER, zav'i-er, Sp. pron. Ha've-flr', Saint Fraxcis. See Francis Xavier, Saint. XEBEC (Span, jaieque. It. sciabecco, zam- becco, xebec, from Turk, siimbeki. sort of small ship). An armed vessel of great speed, formerly used by the Algerine corsairs. It carried three masts, on which square or lateen sails could be set. The bow and stern were remarkable for the small angle they made with the water. The sides were low, and the upper deck of great convexity, that the water might readily flow off' through the scuppers. XENIA, ze'ni-a. The county-seat of Green County, Ohio, 55 miles southwest of Columbus, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, the Pennsj'lvania, and the Pittsburg. Cincinnati, Chi- cago and Saint Louis railroads (Map: Ohio, C 6). It is the seat of the Xenia Theological Semi- nary (United Presbyterian), opened in 1794. and of the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home. Noteworthy also are the city hall and county court-house. The Public Library is about to oc- cupj' a handsome new building, the gift of An- drew Carnegie. At Wilberforce, three miles dis- tant to the northeast, is Wilberforce University, an institution for colored students, opened in 1856. The county infirmary and children's home, also, are outside the city proper. Xenia is the centre of a productive farming section, and is of considerable industrial importance. It is especially known for the manufacture of twine and cordage, and has saw and planing mills,, marble and granite works, and manufactories of paper, shoes, automobiles, and carriages. Xenia was settled in 1804 and was incorporated in 1S08. Population, in 1800, 7301; in 1900, 8096. XENIEN. The name given to a series of epigrams by Goethe and Schiller, directed against the self-complacent mediocrity and perverse manifestations in contemporaneous German liter- ature. They were published in Schiller's il/u- seiiabiwiiach for 1797. exciting much animosity and calling forth a torrent of rejoinders, but exercising a wholesome purifying influence upon letters. So completely were these couplets the production of a mental alliance, that in many cases the authors themselves were iniable to com- pletely determine their own part in the composi- tion. A new edition, with notes by Adolf Stern, entitled "Goethe-Schillers Xenien," was piib- lished in Reclam's Vniversnlbibliothek (2d ed., 18951. Consult Boas, firhillrr inid Ooethe im Xenidihim/.f (Stuttgart, 1851). XENOCRATES, ze-nc-.k'ratez (Lat., from Gk. aeyoKpdrrit ) (B.C. 30(1-314). An ancient philoso])her. born at Chalcedon. At an early age he attached himself to Plato, who took great care in developing his mental powers, which were naturally slow. On the death of Speusippus he succeeded to the presidency of the Academy (n.c. 339). He is said to have been the first to distin- guish the three parts of philosophy — dialectic.