Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/792

* WUUDT. zum Kausalprincip (1866) ; Handbnch der medi- zinischen I'hysik (1807); Vntcisuchnngeii zur Mechunik der Xerven und 'Servencentren (1871- 76) ; (Irmidziige der physiologischeti Psychologie (1874; 5th ed. 1903)-; Der Spiritismus, eine soge- nanntc wissenschuftliche Frage (1879); Logik, eine Vntersuchung der Principien der Erkenntnis und der Methode icissenschaftlicher Forschung (1880-83; 2d ed. 1893-95); Essays (1885); Ethik, cine Untersuchung der Thatsaehen und Gesetse des sitiUchen Lebens (1880; Eng. trans., Ethics: An Investigation of the Facts and Laws of the Moral Life, 1897-1901); Zur Moral drr litterari&chcn Kritik (1887); System der Phi- losophic (1889; 2d ed. 1897) ; Hypnotismus und Suggestion (1892); Grundriss der Psychologie (1896; 2d ed. 1897; Eng. trans., Outline of Psy- chology, 1897) ; ViJlkerpsyehologie, eine Unter- stichung der Entimeklungsgesctze von Sprache, Mythus und Sitte, i. (1900). In 1881 Wundt instituted a periodical, the Philosophische Stu- dien, for the purpose of publishing the -work of the psychological laboratory at Leipzig. Founded by him in 1878-79, this was the first laboratory devoted solely to the experimental investigation of mental processes. From the foundation of the Leipzig laboratory and of the Studien came the effective impulse which has led to the institution of many if not all of the other laboratories for the systematic investigation of experimental psychology in both Europe and America. Wundt is thus not only the leading German representative of what is ordinarily termed 'modern psychology,' but, in a certain sense, its creator. He alone treated it in all its area : he alone had sufficient breadth of outlook, sufficient training, and sufficient sym- pathy to unite in one science the work of Her- bart, Weber, Fecliner, and Lotze. In his Vor- lesungen, but more especially in his classical Orunrhiigc, the standard te.xt-book of the science. he effected the union of the various disjointed movements then existing, the mathematical, the •experimental, the psychophysical, and the physi- ological. Wundt defines psychology as the "sci- ence of immediate experience;' the natural sci- ences are abstractions from experience. Never- theless, his psychology starts from physiological facts, and seeks, by variation of external condi- tions, to discover the elementary psychical facts which are correlated with them ; it works from ■without inward. But the end is to construct psychology. Physiology, however valuable it may be as an avenue of exploration or as a basis for explanation, is but a means toward this end. Consult Ribot, German Psychology of To- Day (Eng. trans.. New York, 1880). WURMSER. vHUrm'zer, Dacobert Siegmund, Count von (1724-97). An Austrian field- marslia!, born in Strassburg. He entered the French service in 1741 and distinguished himself during the Seven Years' War. In 1702 he en- tered the Austrian Army as colonel. At the out- break of the wars of the French Revolution he was given command of the forces beyond the Rhine and prevented the French from relieving Mainz (1793). He took Mannheim (November 23, 1795), and in the summer of 1790 became field-marshal and succeeded Beaulieu in Italy. Wliile attempting to relieve ManUia. which was besieged by the French, the two divisions of his army were successively routed by Napoleon and 676 WURTTEMBERG. Vurmser himself was forced to take refuge in the beleaguered city. It fell in 1797 (February 2d) after a siege of nine months, but Wurmser was permitted to go free. WtJRTTEMBERG, vurt'tem-b5rK. A king- dom of the (jernuin Empire in Southwestern Germany, bounded by Bavaria on the northeast, east, and southeast, by Baden on the south, soithwest, west, and northwest, and in addition on the south by Lake Constance, which separates it from Switzerland, and by Hohenzollern. which in an oblong form penetrates the country in the southern part (Map: Germany, 4). Wiirttem- berg has small enclaves in Baden and Hohen- zollern, and incloses three enclaves of Hesse. The area is 7528 square miles. Wiirttemberg is in general a region of hills and mountains. It is a western part of the South Cierman upland. A portion of the Black Forest is in the southwest where the loftiest point of the kingdom is found at its extreme western point — 3820 feet. The Swabian Jura or Rauhe Alb crosses the kingdom from southwest to north- east. Its highest elevation is 3327 feet. South- east is the high Danube plateau, with an eleva- tion of about i2000 feet. The Danube crosses the country from southwest to northeast, leaving it at Ulni. In the north of the kingdom is a fertile lowland country — hills, level valleys, and dales — descending gradually to the north with the Neckar and its numerous tributaries coursing through to the northwest, where the altitude falls as low as 500 feet. About one-quarter of the country is level land. The climate is modei-ate and agreeable, with a yearly mean of 40" in the mountains and 50°, ot a little less, in the Neekar valley. There are nearly 75 mineral springs. The mining output is not large. Salt and iron are obtained. Wiirttemberg is essentially an ag- ricultural coimtry and about one-half of the pop- ulation is connected with agriculture. Of the area, 64 per cent, is tilled, and 31 per cent, is in forest (conifers and beech), the forests being thoroughly exploited and forming a promi- nent part of the wealth. ISIost of the farms are between 21-2 and 25 acres in size. The largest acreages are, in their order, hay, spelt, oats, clover, barley, and potatoes. Fruit-raising and the live-stock interests are prominent. Coopera- tive dairving is extensivelv carried on. In 1900 there were 1.017.083 cattle. 112,129 horses, 315,- 965 sheep, and 512.485 swine. The manufactures have in recent years rapidly developed. There is a large output of sugar, iron, and textiles. Other products are gold and silver work, musical and scientific instruments, bells, chemicals, paper, and wood-carving, and the products of celebrated machine shops at Esslingcn. The kingdom leads in book-publishing in Southern Germany. Com- merce is lively and is being actively fostered and developed. The transit traffic is important. Grain, cattle, wood. salt, fruit, and manufactured articles of many kinds are exported. The Neckar is navigable by steamboats to Heilbronn, and TTlm stands at the head of navigation on the Danube. Wiirttemberg is a constitutional monarchy. The Constitution dates from 1819. The Land- stiindc, or rarlianient, consists of two Houses ('estates'), which assemble at least every three years. The members of the higher chamber, or