Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/774

* WOUND. 662 WOVOKA. Severing of muscles may be the result of a wouuil, "leaving a limb powerless, for example. Pain results from laceration of nerves, and may vary in character from a sluirp twinge to a dull aelie. The amount of hemorrliage depends upon the nature and size of the wound, and the number and size of blood vessels injured. For shock, see that title. A special danger in the case of a large wound is that of fat-embolism. This condition occurs when fat-globules gain access to the blood and are carried about with the circulation to lodge in some organs and produce death. Repair of wounds is the process by which the cells of the part replace lost tissue. The most economical method is by primary adJicsion, or 'first intention.' This occurs when the parts can be brought together in close coaptation and the parts are aseptic. There may be few or no symptoms of inflammation. Pressure, suturing, or position may secure the coaptation necessary. If this be impossible, and the edges of the wound must be left apart or there is a large amount of tissue missing, healing by 'secondary intention' or granulation occurs. That is, new tissue grows up in the deepest part of the wound, appearing like a heap of granules, gradually filling up the gap, and finally the skin shoots across when the granulations reach the surface. This process is wasteful of tissue and of the patient's strength, as suppuration occurs during its progress. After surfaces of a wound have begun to granulate, they niaj' b? brought together so that the granu- lations fuse, and the gap is closed. This is called healing by 'third intention.' Subcutaneous wounds heal similarly, the exudations being absorbed, and if there be no bacterial infection the process is rapid. Healing under a l)lood clot or by 'scabbing' is also an economical method. In the case of a fracture or wound of bone, a callus (or provisional deposit of new bone) oc- curs, covering the ends of the fragments and cementing them together. Gradually part of this callus disappears, as 'knitting' is complete. Wounded arteries heal much like bone. In the treatment of a wound the surgeon must first stop the hemorrhage, by ligature. ]iressure, torsion of arteries, or the application of heat. The wound nuist then be cleansed and disinfected, all dead or dying tissue, blood, and foreign bodies being removed. The lips of the wound nnist then be brought together as far as possible, and kept in ])lace by suture '(((.v. ), or by adhesive plaster. Drainage must be secured, by the use of a tiibe, a i)iece of gauze, a lumch of horsehair, or other device, if the wound cannot be closed. An aseptic dressing nuist then be applied. This may be of wool, cotton, gauze, jute, etc., carlxdizecl, sublimated, or treated with boric acid, thymol, iodoform, or other disinfectant. Dressings must be changed and removed occasionally. Poisoned wounds may be the results of the microbial infection of glanders, anthrax, rallies, actinomycosis, etc. (qcj.v.), or may be due to chemical agents. Dissection woimds are se|)tic woimds generally of great virulence, contracted during post-mortem examinations or tlu' dis- section of dead bodies. They are due to microbic poisoning. In many poisoned wounds amputa- tion is early necessary, or free incisions to favor suppuration and sloughing off of the attacked tis- sue. Meanwhile internal supportive treatment is necessary. See Gun.siiot Wound. Consult: Morris, i/oio We Treat Wounds To- Day (Xew York, ISSii) ; Keen and White, American Textbook of Surgery (Philailelphia, 1899) ; Robb, Aseptical Surgical Technique (ib., 1902). WOTJNDWOKT. See Stachys. "WOUWERMAN, vou'ver-man, Philips (1019-08). A Dutch animal painter, born at Haarlem. His landscapes show the influence of Jan Wynants and his figures that of Pieter de Laar, under whom it is supposed that he studied; another supposition is that he was a pupil of Verbeek. He is recorded as a member of the Painters'^ Guild in 1642, and died May 19, 1608. Vouwerman's art is the culmination of Dutch painting as regards the combination of figures and landscape. Both are treated with equal mastery, neither being subordinate, yet without loss of the harmony of the picture. He was. above all else, the painter of the horse, which he portrayed engaged in all of its .ser- vices to mankind; in battle and hunting scenes, the pampered riding or carriage horse of the rich, the overworked cart horse of the poor. The centre of his pictures is usually a white or gray horse, u])on which the high light is concen- trated. The human figures, from cavalier to beggar, are equally well done. Wouwerman is in all respects a brilliant draughtsman, and his composition is faultless. His landscapes belong to the vei-y best of the Dutch school, being es- pecially good in aerial perspective. The tone is a silvery gray, giving play to a harmonious coloring with fine discrimination of values. He was a most prolific painter, above eight hundred works being ascribed to him, besides the many figures he painted for the landscapes of others. Dresden possesses sixty-four; then come Saint Petersburg with fifty, the Cassel and Munich gal- leries with twenty, and the Louvre and various English collections. His younger brother Pieter (1623-82) de- veloped under Philips's influence, and painted similar subjects. His work is more detailed in execution and darker in color, Thotigh far in- ferior to his brother, he copied the latter's pic- tures w'ith great success. Many of the works ascribed to Philips are probably by his brother. The works of Jan (1029-66). the youngest mem- ber of the family, represent moonlight scenes and sand dunes, and are extremely rare. He 'as probably a pupil of Wynants, Consult: Wurzbach, in Dohme, Kunst und Kiinstlcr Dcutselilandfi und drr yicdcrlande (Leipzig, 1878) ; and Kammerer, Veher die Composition in Wovwcrmans Gemiilden (il>,, 1879). ■WOVO'KA (Cutter). or Jack Wilson (c.IS.'jO — ),. Piute Indian prophet of Nevada, the originator of the Messiah or Ghost Dance religion, born in Mason Valley, west of Walker Liike, Nevada. On his father's death, abotit 1870, the boy was taken into the family of David Wilson, a white ranchman from whom he got the name by w-hich he is conunonly known among the whites. In the war of lSSS-89 lie was stricken with a severe fever dining which the Pivite w<'re tlirown into great excitement by an eclipse of the sun, Wovoka fell into delirium culminating in a trance, during which he thought he saw the God of the Indians and all the Indians who had died engaged in their old-time sports and occuiiations, as before the white man came. He was given a revelation and a dance which he was commamled