Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/771

* WORMELEY. 659 WORNUM. interest in the relief of Union soldiers during the Civil War. In tliis connection slie published: The United States Sanitary CoiiDiiission (1803) ; Letters from HcaiUiuarlers Duriny the Peninsu- lar CaniiJiiif/n (182); and The Other Side of War (1888). Slio translated the works of l!al- zae (40 vols., I88.'i-!I7), ilolifere (0 vols., 18'.)2), and otliM- works from the French, and wrote a Life of liiilzac ( 1890) . Her sisters, M.ry Kliz.- BETIl (WOR.MELEY) Latimer (1822-11104) and Aria N A Randolph (VoRMELEY)Ct'RTi.s (IS:),") — ), were autliors also, tli<' fmiiicr liavinj; imljiislicd a number of voluines dealing popularly with mod- ern Kuropeau liistory. WORM GRASS. See Spigelia. WORMS, vorms. A town of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Germany, on the left bank of the Rhine, 22 miles nortli of Heidelberg (Map: Germany, C 4). Its chief structure is the cathedral, dat- ing from the eleventh centurj', with a ricldy or- nate Gothic portal of the fifteenth century. Second only in interest to the cathedral is the Church of Saint Paul, now used as a museum. The Church of Saint Martin (restored in ISSS), the Gothic Liebfraiien-Kirche, and the town li- brary, with early historical records and me- mentos of Luther, are other notable build- ings. An interesting object is the mediaeval Jew- ish synagogue. The town has manufactures of leather, cloth, macliinery. shoddy, worsted yarn, chicory, chemicals, slate, and flour. Hi the vicin- ity is produced the famous wine known as Lieb- frauenmileh. The town has a considerable river and canal trade. Population, in 1895, 28,011; in 1900, 40.714. Worms is the Roman Borheto- mayus. From very early times the town was the seat of a bishop. It became the capita! of the Burgundians, and later was occasionally the residence of the Frankish kings. It graduall.y emancipated itself from the rule of its bishops and became a free Imperial city. In 1122 the famous Concordat (q.v, ), which settled the dis- pute i-egarding investitures, was concluded here. The most celebrated event in the history of Worms was the holding of the Imperial Diet of 1,521, before which Luther made his sturdy de- fense. The town suffered greatly in the Thirty Years' War, and in 1089 was almost entirely destroyed by the French, a blow from which it never wholly recovered. In ISOl it.' was joined to France, and in 1815 to Hesse-Darmstadt. WORMS. The larger number of entozoa for which the human body is the host are developed in the intestines. The intestinal worms of fre- rpieiit occurrence are Ascuris lii>nbricoide9, the lumbricoid or roundworm; Oxi/iiris vcrmicu- laris, the threadworm or seat-worm: and the taenia or tapeworm (q.v.). The hiinbrieoid is treated under A.scari.s, with regard to its appear- ance in animals, and under LvMBRicoii) in its re- lations to the human being. The o.r;iiiris, known also as the thread, seat, pin, or maw worm, inhaVi- its the large intestine, and especially the rectum. It is from two to five lines in length, and is fre- quently found in large numbers, agglutinated by mucus into a ball. While more frequent in young children, they occur at any period of life. They cause pain in tlfe rectum, itching, and straining, all symptoms being worse at night. In girls the entozoa m.ay migrate into the vagina and occasion pruritus vulvte and leucorrha'a. They may thus occasion loss of .sleep. The treat- ment is simple. An enema of cold water, salt and water, or infusion of quassia twice a day for two weeks causes an evacuation of the parasite. Vinegar, eamidior, and creosote have also been used. WORMS, vOrx, RExfi ( 1809— ) . A French so- ciologist, born at Kennes and educated there and at the University of Paris. He lectured upon phi- losophy anil social subjects, practiced law as well, and filled several important posts in the ad- ministrative service. He was active in founding llu! Parisian .Socir'te de Sociologic. anil the Insti- tiit International de Sociologic, of both of which he became secretary. In M, Worms's best-known work, Oryanismc el soeM'ti (Paris, 1890). he pre- sents human society as a real organism, carrying the analogy much further than Herbert Spencer. His other publications include: De la volontd unilaterale considfree comnte soiiree de I'ohliga- tioH (1891) ; Pricis de philosophie (IS9I) ; Ele- ments de philosophie scientifique et de philoso- phie morale (1891); La morale de Spinoza (1892); and Philosophie des scienees sociales (1903). WORMSEED. See CiiENoponnM. WORM-SHELL. A molliisk of the family Vcrmetida', allied to the fresli-water Melaniidae, whose body is slen- A WUKM-SUELL. der and annelid-like, and whose small un- coiled shells resem- ble the twisted tubes of many sea-worms. These mollusks are free and spiral in early life, but soon settle down and be- c o m e stationary, when the further growth of the shell is uncoiled. Most species are found in Eastern seas. A well-known species is Verme- tus Imithricalis, illustrated herewith. WORMWOOD (from AS. icermod. Ger. ll'er- miith; etymology uncertain). A perennial herb, Artemisia absinthium, native in Europe and Asiatic Russia and found also in gardens and by roadsides in the United States and Canada. It has an erect somewhat shrulibv stem from two to four feet high. The plant is aromatic, tonic, and bitter, and was used by the ancients for its medicinal properties, Iji Europe it is still used as an aid to weak digestion. Its principal use now is in the manufacture of absinthe. The name wormwood is sometimes extended to the entire genus Artemisia. See Artemi.si. ; Ab- SIXTHE. WOR'NUM, Ralph Nicholson (1812-77). An Eiiglisli art critic, born at Thornton, Dur- ham, and educated at University College, Lon- don. In 1834 he went abroad and for nearly six years devoted himself to the study of the art collections in the Continental galleries. In 1840 he settled in London as a ])ortrait painter and writer on art. In 1847 he published a catalogue of the National Gallery which became the model for similar publications in all countries. In 1854 he was appointed keeper of the National