Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/734

* WOMEN'S CLUBS. 626 WOOD. provided, and the Girls' Club Union publishes a magazine. In America the movement began in 1879 with Miss Eliza Turner's New Century Guild in Philadelphia, and Miss Grace li. Dodge's Thirty-eighth Street Club in Kew York. Some clubs have well-appointed rooms; some are only lunch clubs with resting rooms; some have rooms provided for them in factories; and some have country houses, as for instance, that of the Auxiliary Society of Working Girls' So- cieties of New' York at Miller's Place, Long Island, and others at Saybrook, Conn., and Princeton, Mass. Some clubs. such as the Good Will Club of Amsterdam, N. Y., the Myrtle Club and Progress Club of Baltimore, and the Working Girls' Circle of .lersey City Heights, were started at the initiative of the girls. As a rule, however, the clubs are organized and often officered by women. The Cleo Club, of Durango, Colo., sends travel- ing libraries and magazines to miners' camps. Junior clubs are sometimes allowed the use of rooms. The New Y'ork AssociiUion of Clubs maintains a mutual benefit fund for illness and death, other associations have small funds, and all encourage the penny provident stations. The first convention of girls' clubs held in New Y'ork in 1S90, was a revelation to the public. Conventions have since been held in Boston in 1894, Philadelphia in 1897, and at the Pan- American Exposition in 1901. In 1897 the Na- tional League of Women Workers was formed. There are also five State leagues. A few clubs belong individually to the General Federation of 'omen's Clubs. The League organ is the Chd Worker, started in October, 1S98. Promi- nent clubs are: the Clover Club, of Boston; the Fall River Club, of Fall River, Mass; the Far and Near Club, and Ivy Club, of New Y'ork City; the Working Girls' Club, of Jersey City Heights; Saint .James Guild. Philadelphia; and the Lend a Hand Club, of Germantown. BinLiOGE.pnY. List of books and articles in Chautauquan, No. ,31 ; current notes on work of clubs in narper's Bazar and New York Erening Post; Municipal Affairs, 1898; Croly (Mrs. J. C.) ; The nistorij of Ihe Woman's Club Movement in America (New York, 1898) ; Miller (Olive Thome), The Woman's Cluh (United States Department of Labor, Bulletins Nos. l.") and 23); Stanley (Maude), Clubs for Working Girls (New York, 1890) ; 'Sineteenili Century, l.xvii. (for American clubs) ; 'Xineteenth Cen- tury. Ixv. (English) ; Westminster Review, cliii. (English). WONDEE-BOOK, The. A series of (ales for children Iiy Nathaniel Hawtliorne (1851), founded on the most famous niytlis of classic mythology. The stories arc sujiposed to be nar- rated by Eustace Bright, and were followed by a second series, the Tanrjletrood Tales (q.v.). WONDERFUL PARLIAMENT. In English history, a name given to the Parliament wliieh assembled in Feln-nary, 1388; also called the Merrih'ss Parliament. WONSAN, wun'sUn' (Sinico-Korean; in Chi- nese, Yucnsan; in .Tapanesc, Censan). A dirty, poorly l)nilt, but important town of Korea; situated at the head of the southern arm of Broughton Bay, near the niiddh' of the oast coast (JIiip: China, G 4). The harbor is large, having an area of nearly 40 .square miles, and is both deep and well slieltered. The town was opened by treaty to Japanese resi- dence and trade in 1880, and two and one-half years later to other treaty nations. The foreign settlements are on the west shore. Regular steam communication with Vladivostok, Japan, and Shanghai is maintained, and a telegraph line connects the town with Seoul. Population, about 20.000, including foreigners, of whom 2000 are Japanese. WOOD (AS. Kudu, u-idu, OHG. witu, woodr connected with Olr. fid, Welsh gu-id, gwydd. Corn. gtdden, Bret, gwexenn, wood, tree). Popularly considered, the aggregated tougher portions of the vascular bundles of seed and fern plants. Onh' the seed-plants yield wood which is of any value as lumber, and among them nearly all the wood of commerce is produced by the conifers and the dicot,yIedons, the monocotyledons pro- ducing comparatively little. In the latter group only the larger bamboos and a few of the palms yield important timber. In the monocotyledons the bundles are not arranged in concentric cylinders, but are scattered through the pith in such a way that there is no 'grain,' In a typical dicotyledon or conifer a transverse section of the stem a short distance below the gi'owing point shows a wcll- difl'erentiated cpidci-mis and a zone of vascular bundles surrounding the pith, the bundles being separated from each other by plates of paren- cliyma (pith rays or mcdullaiy rays). A section a little farther from the growing point sliows the cambium, consisting of actively dividing cells between the wood and bast of the bundles, and also stretching from one lumdle to another, so that there is a eom|)letc circle of cambium. With the establisliment of this circle of cam- bium, the outer cells of which become differen- tiated into bast and the inner into wood, the zone of wood or mechanical tissue (q.v.) becomes nearly complete, being interrupted only by the narrow secondary medullary rays. The wood cells formed in the spring are of larger calibre and often have thinner walls than those formed later in the season, and the larger ducts of many dicotyledons occur in the spring wood. The small-celled tissue of the autumn wood abutting against the larger-celled tissue of the spring wood results in the distinct appear- ance of the growth rings. In the great majority of cases only one ring is found each year, but if a long Indian summer succeeds a period of rather cool weather a second ring may be formed, just as ii seeond tlowering may occur in fruit trees under similar conditions, .so that the number of growth rings ('annual rings') may not al- ways indicate the age of the tree. As trees grow older the inner portion of the wood (heart wood or duramen) assumes a eharacterislie color, as W'hitc in holly, yellowish in many pines, brown in walnut, lilack in ebony, etc. The young- est few ypars' growth, surrouncling the heart-wood and usually lighter in color, is called sap-wood or alburnum. WOOD, Antony, or Antony A Wood (1032- 9ij). . English antiquary. He was liorn at Oxford, where the greater part of his life was spent. He studied at Mcrton College, and de- voted his life to the collection of materials for