Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/722

* WOLFF. 614 WOLFFIAN BOTTLE. were fatalistic and atheistic. He received an ap- pointment at the University of Marburg; but in 1740 he was restored by Frederick the Great, and was welcomed in Halle with the greatest enthusi- asm. From this time he devoted himself to au- thorship, and produced a Ions line of voluminous hooks. He died at Halle. Without special genius or originality, he performed great service as an or- ganizing and systematizing philosopher. He created a distinctly German philosopliy. He di- vided philosophy into ontologj'. cosmology, ps}-- ohology, and natural theology. He accepted Leibnitz's theory of morals, though he would not carry the preestablished harmony to the length of denying a natural interaction of soul and body. He held fast to Leibnitz's optimism and determinism. His great princi]ile was that of the 'sufficient reason.' In theology, he admitted the possibility of revelation and miracles, but so restricted them by rational principles that he substantially denied them. Consult Watcke, Wolff's eigene Lcbrnsheschreibung (Leipzig, 1841). See Philosophy. WOLFF, Emil (1802-79). A German sculp- tor, born in Berlin, where he became the pupil of his uncle, Gottfried Schadow, at the age of fifteen. In 1822 he proceeded to Rome, where, barring several visits to Greece and to Berlin, he henceforth remained and yielded entirely to the influence of Thorwaldsen. Having on the death of his cousin, Rudolf ISchadow, assumed the re- sponsibility for the latter's unfinished commis- sions, he executed in marble Rudolf's group of "Achilles and Penthesilea" for the royal palace in Berlin. Of his own compositions, for which he chose the subjects chiefly from Greek mythol- ogy and from the ideal genre, the most notewor- thy are: "JNIidas as Judge," relief (182.5) : "The Fisherman" (1833): "Telephos Nursed by the Hind:" "Hebe and Ganinede" (1834); "Thetis Bringing to Achilles the Arms Forged )iy Vul- can" (1835) ; "Cupid with the Club and "Lion's Skin of Hercules" (1838); "Prometheus with the Fire in the Reed" (1844) ; "Victory Teach- ing the Youth the History of the Heroes" ( 184(5, Palace-bridge. Berlin) ; "Achilles at the Grave of Patroclus" (18.54) ; ".Jephtha and His Daugh- ter" (1858): "Psyche After Cupid's Flight;" "Jnditli" (1808, 'National Gallery. Berlin). Among his busts and statues of celebrated per- sons the best are those of Thorwaldsen, Niebuhr, Bunsen, Winekclmann, and Palestrina. WOLFF, .TuLirs (1834 — ). A German poet and novelist, born at Quedliidiurg. After study- ing philosophy and literature in Berlin, he took charge of his father's manufactory at Quedlin- burg. Unfavorable circumstances causing his withdrawal from business, he founded, in 1809, the Harzzcitung. In 1870-71 he took part in the Franco-German 'ar and then settled in Berlin, devoting himself exclusively to his literary labors. Besides the cvcle of war Ivrics Aim dem Felde (1871. .3d ed'. 1890). glorifying the events of 1870-71, he produced a nunilier of lyric and humorous epics and novels, of a clever archaic flavor. His epics and other poems are entitled: Till Eulennpicgel rcdii-irus (1874, 23d ed. 1890) ; Der Ratlenfiinger von IJameln { 1870) ; l)er iinlde </o(/cr( 1877) ; Tannhiitiser, cin Miiine/i<ing{HH) ; Singtif, RdUriifiingertieder (1881) ; Lurici, a ro- miince ( 1880) ; Die I'appeiihci me r {ISHi) ) ; Rcnata (1892) ; Der fliegende HolUinder (1892) ; Aaxa- lide. Dichlung aus der Zeit der procenzalisehen Tiovbndours (1896) ; and Der fahrende Hchiiler { 1900) : while his novels include: Der SUIfmeis- tcr { 1883) : Der Haubgraf ( 1884) ; Das Iteelit der Hageslolze (1887) : lins schirarze Weib (1894) ; and Die Hohkiinigsbiirg (1902). Consult Ruhe- mann. Julius ^Yolff und seine Dichiungen (Leip- zig, 188U). WOLFF, Kaspar FRiEDRirn (1733-94). A German anatomist and physiologist, born in Ber- lin and educated there and at Halle. During the Seven Years' War he was actively employed in the' Silesian hospitals. L^nable to establish him- self in Germany, in 1700 he accepted an appoint- ment in the Academy of Sciences at Saint Peters- burg, making that city his residence for the re- mainder of his life. Wolflf will be remembered for combating, at the age of twenty-six, in his "Theoria fienerationis." the preformation (q.v.) views then prevalent. But it was not until after Wolff's death that he obtained proper recogni- tion through the translations of Meckel and the writings of Oken. His chief works are: Theoria Generotionis (1759; German trans.. TIteorie von der Generalion, Berlin, 1764) ; De Formatione Intestinorum (1768; trans, into German by Meckel as Ueber die Bildung des Darmkanals im bebriiteten Hiihnchen. Halle, 1812). Many of his unpublished writings are preserved as manu- scripts in 'the library of the Saint Petersburg Academy. WOLFF, WiLHELM (1816-87). A German sculptor and bronze-caster, born at Fehrliellin. At fourteen he began work in the Royal Iron Foundry at Berlin, studying modeling with Pro- fessor Wichmann, and was granted a Government stipend to perfect himself in bronze-casting at Paris and Munich. Upon his return to Berlin he established a foundry of his own, which soon became famous for animal figures. Devoting himself exclusively to modeling, he produced a number of animal groujjs. remarkable for free naturalistic treatment. Among the best known examples are a "Bulldog with Her Young;" the "Dying Lioness," in the Tiergarten, Berlin ; and a "Boar attacked by Dogs," at Grunewald, near Berlin. WOLFFIAN BODY (uauied in honor of Kaspar Friedrich Wolll'). One of the pair of excretory organs that is functional in the adult of numy fishes and of .-mphibia ; the 'mesone- phros.' In reptiles, birds, and mammals the Wolflian body is a purely embryonic structure, being replaced in the adult by the permanent kidney of those groups, the 'metanephros.' In the tailed Am[)hibia, where the organ is typically developed, there are two, one lying on each side of the dorsal part of the body-cavity as elongated structures riclily vaseulatcd and having eacli an efficient (the Wolffian) duct passing back to the cloaca. In the male the ducts leading the sperm from the testes enter the Wolllian liody and con- nect with the Wolffian duct. Consult, Field. "De- velopment of the Pronephros and Segmental Duct in Amphibia." in liulletin of the Museum of Comparative ZoUloqy, vol. .xxi. (Cambridge, Mass., 1891). WOLFFIAN BOTTXE. A form of a|ip;iratus used for washing gases, that lakes its name from the English chemist Peter Wolff. It consists