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* WINES. 574 WINLOCK. Hopkins University, and elsewhere. He had charge of the statistics of crime and pauperism for the Tentli and Eleveiitli Censuses, and was assistant director of the Twelfth Census. His publications include Punishment and Reforma- tion (1895), a standard work, and The Liquor Problem in Its Legislative Aspects (1897). WIN'FIELD. The county-seat of Cowley County, Kan., 225 miles southwest of Kansas City, on the Walnut River, and on the Atchison. To])eka and Santa Fe, the Saint Louis and San Francisco, and the Missouri Pacific railroads (Map: Kansas, F 4). It is the seat of the State Imbecile Asylum, of the Southwest Kansas College ( Methodist Episcopal ), opened in 1886. and Saint John's Lutheran College, opened in 1893. Winfield is the commercial centre of a section engaged in farming and stock-raising, and containing a supply of natural gas. There are flouring mills, grain elevators, machine shops, and a large produce-packing establishment. Limestone is extensively quarried in the vicinity. Under the charter of 1878. the government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a uni- ■cameral council. Winfield was settled in 1870, and was incorporated the following year. Popu- lation, in 1890, 5184; in 1900, 5554. WINFEID. See Boniface, Saint. WINGED LION. See Lion of Saint Mark. WING'FIELD, Edwakd M.^hia (c.l.5f)0- c. 161.3). An English merchant and colonist in America, bnni at Stoneley. Huntingdonshire. He served in the English Army both in Ireland and in the Low Coimtries. Becoming interested in schemes for American colonization, he was one of those to whom the patent of Virginia was granted April 6, 1606. He was the only one of the patentees who sailed to America with the first colonists, and was named in the sealed in- structions a member of the council, of which he was elected the first president. He quarreled with the other members of the council, and with Captain John Smith in particular, his Catlioli- eisra threw suspicion upon his loyalty, and he was soon deposed l)oth from the council and gov- ernorship in September, 1007. In 1608 be re- turned to England and was living on his family estates as late as 1613. He wrote A Discourse of Tirginin, a journal of the colony from the first setting out to bis departure from it. the manu- script of which is in Lambeth Library. It was edited and published liy Cliurles Deane in 1860. WINGLESS VICTORY. See Xike Apteros. WING-SHELL. The name of various mnl- lusk-sliolls having a shape or expansions regarded as wing-like. e. g. the great stronib (q.v.). or certain broad species of Unio; more especially, the name of the irregular bivalves of the tropical fainily Aviculidic, wbieh includes the pearl-oys- ters (q.v.) and other s])ecies of interest, existing and fossil. The family eharaeteristic, typically displ.ayed in the genus Avicula (see Plate of AnAi.oxE, ETC.), is the straight binge marL'i". produced on each side into wing-like 'ears.' This is carried to its extreme in the hammer-oyster (sec llA.vi.MEn-SilEl-L) . The outer surface of the shell is foliaoeous, and the inner always higlily nacreous, yielding valuable mother-of-pearl. WINIFRED, win'i-fred. Saint. A British maiden of noble family, who lived in the seventh century. According to the legend which in later times grew up round her history. Prince Cara- dog Ap Alan cut off her head because she would not accept his addresses. Her head, so the legend says, rolled down the bill and into Saint Bueno's Church, where immediately a spring appeared. The head was replaced' bv Saint Bueno, after which she lived fifteen years. This spring, called Holywell, is one of the most famous in England." The flow of water has never ceased. The spring was leased in 1870 to the corporation of Holywell bj- the Duke of Westminster for a thousand years at a sovereign a year. See Holywell. WINKELMANN, viij'kcl-miin, Eduakd ( 1838- 90). A German historian, born in Danzig and educated at Berlin and GiJttingen. He be- came head master of the knight, and chapter school at Eeval in 1860, and in 1805 was ap- pointed professor at the University of Dorpat. He was called to the chair of history at Bern in 1869. and in 1873 to Heidelberg. He published Geschichte Kaiser Friedrichs II. tind seiner Reiche 121P.-1235 (1863): Forschnngen zur deutschen Geschichte (1872): Bibliothcca Li- roniw Bistorica (1870 and 1878) : Philipp von f<chu-ahen und Otto IV. ron Bfaunschueig (1873): Geschichte der Angelsachsen (1883); Url^undenbuch der Unirersitiit Heidelberg (1886) ; and Kaiser Friedrich II. (1889-97). WINKELMANN, Herm.a.nn (1845—). A German dramatic tenor, born in Brunswick. He adopted the profession of a singer after he had reached manhood. He made his debut at Son- dersbausen, and then went to Darmstadt and Hamburg. He became identified with the Wag- nerian drama in 1882, when he took the part of Parsifal at Bayreuth, with such success that he was engaged for the Imperial Opera at Vi- enna. Here he sang in Wagner's o])eras, with ^Madame Friodrich-Materna and Herr Scaria. The famous trio made a tour of the United States in 1884. WINKELRIED, vin'kcl-ret, Arnold or Erni. A Swiss peasant, who, according to tradition, is said to have brought about the victory of the Swiss over Duke Leopold of Austria at Sempach (q.v.) on July 9, 1386. The tradition relates that Winkelried broke the phalanx of the Aus- trians by gathering several spears of the enemy and pressing them into his breast, thus oi)eninj,' a way for his companions. A monument was erected in his honor on the battlefield in 1886. There has been considerable dispute as to whether Winkelried is a legendary eliaracter or not. There is no contemporary notice of him. WINKLE. A name, shortened from 'peri- winkle.' applied among nystermen of the North- eastern coast of the United States to certain large molhisks destructive to oysters. See Coxcii ; Oyster. WIN'LOCK, .TosEPiT (1826-75). An Ameri- enn astronomer, born at Slielbyville. Ky. Upon graduating at Slielby College in 1845. he became professor of mathematics and astronomy in that inslitution, but in 1852 he removed to Cam- bridge, Mass., to become a computer of the uti- col A liiiaiiae. He was ])rofessor of mathematics in I be navy, 1856-6, and of astronomy at Harvard, 18(16-75, and director of the ol).servatory, where