Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/654

* WINDHOEK. 558 WINDMILL. Germans, and aboiit 23,000 nativps, of wliom 1.5,000 were Hereros, 5000 Hill-Damaras. and 2000 Bastards. At the beginning of 1904 Wind- hoek was menaced by a serious uprising of the Hereros. WINDHOVER. See Isjestbex. WINDING UP OF COMPANY. Under the English hiw, a company which is incorporated under the Companies Act cannot go out of ex- istence except through the process of winding up under the provisions of the Companies Winding Up Act (1890). This may be done by the court upon petition of the stoclcliolders or the creditors, in which case tlie court appoints a receiver or liquidator, and the proceedings are quite similar to those in bankruptcy; or the shareholders them- selves may wind up the company voluntarily. It is estimated that 90 per cent, of the companies organized under the above act are tlms wound up by voluntary resolution of their shareholders, appointing liquidators and turning over the affairs of the company to them for settlement. Proceedings under this method resemble some- what those under the insolvency acts in the United States. C'onsult: Lindley, Oil Companies, fifth edition; Buckley, The Companies Act, seventh edition. WIND INSTRUMENTS. A generic name for all those instruments in which the tone is produced by means of a vibrating column of air. With respect to the material employed in their construction wind instruments arc divided into brass and woodwind. The brass instruments are further subdivided into: (1) Natural instru- ments, yielding only natural or harmonic tones. (See Harmonics.) Such are the old horns and trumpets without valves. Instruments with a narrow gauge do not yield the fundamental tone, ■which can be produced only upon instruments ■with a ■wider gauge. But in these the upper range is limited. (2) Slide instruments, like the trombones, in which the tone is produced by lengthening or shortening the tube by means of a sliding tube. (.3) Valve instruments, in which the same effect is produced by regulating the length of the vibrating column by means of valves. Such are the modern horns and trum- pets and tubas. The wood-wind instruments are again snbdiviiled into (1) flue pipes, in which the column of air is directed against a sharp edge, as in the flutes; (2) reed pipes, in which the column of air causes a reed (either single or double) to vibrate. Of the latter kind are the clarinets (single reed) and oboes and bassoons (double Teed). The organ is a combination of all the various kinds of wind instruments. See the separate articles on various instruments ; also Musical Instbuments; Okciie.stra; Organ. WINDISCH, vin'dish, Ern.st (1844 — ). A Cicrniaii ])lnlologist, born at Dresden, and edu- cated at the University of Leipzig. In 1870- 71 he catalogued the Sanskrit manuscripts in the India Office librar.y, London, and in the latter year was appointed professor ex- traordinary at Leipzig, but in 1872 was called as full professor to Heidelberg. He re- mained there till 187.5, when he removed to the University of Strassburg, and in 1877 he was made professor of Sanskrit and Celtic at Leip- zig. Aside from his numerous articles in the Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlUndischen Oe- sellschaft, of which he became an editor in 1880, and other journals, his publications include: Der Heliand und seine Quellen (1868) ; Kurzgefasste irische Grammatik (1870, Eng. trans. 1882); Ueber das iiydyahhushya (1888); Mara und Buddha (189.5) ; and the great series of Irische Texte (3 ser., 1880-97). He also edited Zirolf Hymnen des liigvcda mit Sfiyanas Commentar (1883), and the Itivuttaka for the Pali Text Society (1890). WINDISCHGRATZ, rin'dish-grets. The name of a princely Austrian family, dating from the thirteenth century. Its most promi- nent member is Alfred Ca]S'didus Febdixaxd, Prince Windischgratz, who was born Jlay 11, 1787, at Brussels, entered the Austrian army in 1804 and saw active service throughout the Napo- leonic wars. In 1833 he became a lieutenant field marshal and commander of division. From 1840 to 1848 he commanded the forces in Bohemia. In .June, 1848, he suppressed the insurrection in Prague with bloody severity, but his wife and son were killed during tlie rioting. He was then placed in command of all the Austrian forces except those in Italy. After the insurrection of October 6th at Vienna Windischgratz declared the city in a state of siege, and on October 23d began the attack on the ca])ital. On October 31st he took the city by storm. W'ith his brother-in- law, Prince Felix Schwarzenberg. he arranged the abdication of Ferdinand, and then led an army against the Hungarians. In .January, 1849, he took Buda and Pest, but dissensions with the S'ienna Govermnent led to his recall. In 1859 he was made Governor of ilainz, then under the control of the Diet of the Germanic Confedera- tion. He died March 21, 1862. Under his aus- pices was published Der Winterfeldzug lS-'iS-.'i9 in. Vngarn (Vienna, 1851). WINDLASS (corruption of ^c■indas, tcindass, from MDutoh irindaes, Dutch windas, Icel. vinddss, windlass, winding-beam, from ilDutch ^mndan, Icel. vinda, to wind,+ MDutch aes, Dutch as, Icel. OSS, Goth, ans, beam, pole; influenced by popular etymology' with obsolete Eng. vyindlass, circuitous route, subtlety). A modification of the wheel and axle used for raising weights. It con- sists of a rope wound on a horizontal axle of cylindrical form whose ends are firmly supported in bearing blocks, with either spokes or a larger wheel or a crank at one or botli ends where the force is applied. It dirt'ers from the capstan (q.v. ) chiefly from having a horizontal instead of a vertical axis. Some forms of windlass closely resemble the winch (q.v.) in construction. The advantage in power is secured by having the force applied on the wheel at considerable dis- tance from the centre, according to the law of the whi«l and axle (q.v.). See Capstan; An- chor. WINDLESTRAE. Sec Hair-Grass. WINDMILL. A motor which utilizes the energy of the wind for pumping water, driving mills, or doing other work. The wind acta on a set of sails or slats attached to an axis so as to form a revolving wheel. A crank or gear- ing transmits the power from the axis to the pump or other mechanism to be driven. Most windmills arc mounted on towers at a consider- able elevation above the ground, or else placed on the tops of building.s, in order to take ad-