Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/653

* WINDBREAK. 557 WINDHOEK. west sides of the object it is desired to pro- tect. The drit'tinfj of snow may bo prevented about buildings In- pbuiting a second lin(^ of trees at a distance from the main slielter belt. The snow will then be caught in the s])ace between the two. The numljer of rows of trees required for a good shelter belt will depend upon the kind of trees planted and the nature of the country. Among the best spe- cies for planting are the Norway spruce, Austrian and Scottish pines, maples, and bo.-elder. In Minnesota and similar regions it is recommended lirst to plant white willows, followed liy green ash and white elm. and after these Ijcconie established ix) ]dant hardy evergreens, mountain ash. and birches or other ornamental trees and shrubs. A mi.xed plantation with hardy deciduous trees to the windward is by many considered the ideal windbreak. In planting windbreaks, as well as in all other tree-planting on the prairies, the trees should be far enough apart for cultivation, but sulhciently thick to furnish forest conditions at the earliest time possible. A distance of 8 feet for the rows and 2 feet apart in the rows is be- lieved to have given the most satisfactory re- sults. WINDELBAND, vin'delbiint. WiLiiELM (1848 — ). A German philosopher, born at Pots- dam. He studied in the universities of Jena, Berlin, and Giittingen; in 1876 became a ju'o- fcssor of philosophy at the University of Zurich, in 1877 at Freiburg, in 1882 at Strassbnrg. and in 1903 at Heidelberg. Among his published works are: OescMcJite der ncuern Philosophic in ilirem Zusammenhange mit der allr/cmeincn Kul- lur und den besondern Wissensclinften (2d ed. 1899) ; Prdludien, Aufsiitze und Ifeden zur Einlcitung in die Philosophie (2d ed. 1903) ; Geschichte der alien Philosophie (in Handbuch der Altertumswissensehdft, vol. v., 2d ed., 1894) ; (Irschichte der Philosophie (1892); and Platan (3d ed. 1901). WINDER, win'der, William Henry (177.'5- 1824). An American soldier, born in Somerset County. JId. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, and from 1798 till 1812 practiced law in Baltimore. In 1812 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Fourteenth United States Infantry; was promoted to the rank of colonel, and in November of that year led a suc- cessful raid into Canada from Black Rock, N. Y. In the following March he was commissioned a brigadier-general. He was captured at the battle of Stony Creek early in June ; was held a pris- oner until the spring of 1814. and in May of that j'car was put in command of the Tenth Military District, comprising Maryland, the District of Columbia, and a part of eastern Virginia. In the following August General Boss and several thousand British troops landed and advanced upon Washington. To oppose them Vinder had only a few hundred regulars, and a mob of some thousands of militia. In consequence he was tntnlly defeated at Bladensburg (q.v.), and the capital fell into the hands of the invaders. "inder was afterwards court-martialed, but was acquitted of all blame. WINDERMERE, win'der-mer, or WINAN- DERMERE. The largest lake in England, situated on the boundary of Westmoreland and Lancashire, a few miles north of Morecambe Bay, into which it discharges (Map: England, D 2). it is 11 miles long, one mile broad, and over 200 feet deep. It ecjntains several islets, and the shores are higli and wooded, becoming somewhat bold toward the north. The lake is celebrated for its quiet beauty. Near its northern ex- Ireiiiily is Ilydal, the home of Wordsworth. WINDFLOWER. See A.nemone. WINDGALL (uind + yull, AS. (jealla, prob- ably from Lat. </allu, gall-nut). Pull'y swellings about the joints of animals, particularly of horses. They correspond to the ganglions of human surgery, and seem to result from irri- tation and intlammation in the delicate synovial cavities. With moderate work they should not aj)pear, .and should soon disappear with rest. WINDHAM, win'df/m, William (1750-1810). An iMiglish statesman, born in London. He was educated at Eton, Cilasgow University, and L'ni- versity College, O.xford. In the Portland Jlin- istry, formed by the coalition of Fox and Lord North (1783), Windham became the principal secretary to Lord Northington, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, but, dissatisfied with the policy pursued, he pleaded ill health, resigned, and returned to England. In 1784 he en- tered Parliament and held his seat till 1802. On the outbreak of the French Revolution he went with Burke into reaction, alid fa-ored the bills against seditious meetings and aliens. He entered the Ministry of Pitt (1794) as Secretary of War, and began a scries of re- forms in the army which mark his best work. Going out of office with Pitt in 1801, he opposed the Peace of Amiems, a policy which cost him his scat at Norwich. In 1803 he became the head of the Grenville party, and, gradually drift- ing away from Pitt, united once more with Fox, and in 'l8 accepted the Colonial Office in the Grenville Administration. Renewing his efforts - for military reforms, he advocated and carried measures for pensions, higher pay, and shorter terms of service. Two .years later life service was reintroduced against his protest, but in 1847 Windham's principle of short enlistment was re- ' inaugurated. In the war against Napoleon Wind- ham favored concentration and opposed the attack on Copenhagen and the disastrous Walcheren expedition. In general, he believed in protecting England by developing its navy, and not by fortifying its coasts. Consult: Amyot. Speeches xrith. Memoir (London, 1812) ; Baring, Wind- hum's Diary (London, 186G). of great value; and Leeky, History of Eiif/land in the Eiyhteenth Century '(London and New York, 1890-92). WINDHOEK, ^^nt'hciok-. Capital, since 1889, of the ])rotec(orate of German Southwest Africa, situated in the southern part of Damaraland on the northern slope of the Awas Mountains, at an altitude of .5331 feet (Map: Africa. F 7). It is often termed Great Windhoek, and officially, since 1903, Windhuk. In 1901 it was connected with Swakopmund. on the coast, by telegraph, and in June. 1902, by rail. The railwa.v, taking a rather indirect course, is 237 miles in length. The white population, in 1902, was 557. .Just to the southwest is Little Windhoek, having, in 1902, 43 white inhabitants. Here are five hot =;prin2s, with temperatures from 104" F. to 122° F. The district of Windhoek had, in 1902. a population of 1117 whites, of wliom 918 were