Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/596

* WIGHT. 506 WI-JTT. Kingdom of Wessex, took the island in a.d. 530. In A.u. 661 it was reduced by Wulphere of Meicia. and given to Etliehvold. King of Sussex, from whom it was wrested (a.d. 686) by Ceadwalla of Wessex, to whom, under the influ- ence of Wilfrid, Archbishop of York, the island owed the introduction of Christianity. During the three centuries preceding the Norman Con- quest it was repeatedly devastated by the Danish pirates, who made it their stronghold to which they retired with their plunder. William the Coiiqueror gave it to his kinsman, Fitz-Osborne; Henry I. transferred it to the family of De Eedvers, in whose hands it remained till the reign of Edward I., when it passed by sale to the Crown. During the French wars of Edward III. and his successors the Island was repeatedly in- vaded and pillaged by the French. At the close of the reign of Henry VIII. the Armada dis- patched by Francis I., under the command of D'Annebault, made several landings on the coast, and inflicted some damage, but was ultimately driven back by the prowess of the islanders. The most interesting event in the history of the isl- and is the imprisonment of Charles I. in Caris- brooke Castle, after his flight from Hampton Court. WIGHT, Moses (1S27 — ). An American genre and portrait painter, born in Boston. Mass. He practiced portrait painting until 1851, then studied for three years in Paris under HObert and Bonnat. He returned to the United States, but in 1865 settled permanently in Paris. His ideal paintings include: "Lisette:" "Confidants;" "John Alden and Priscilla;" "Le vieux 'docu- ment." Among the better known of his portraits are those of Humboldt. Everett. Sumner, and Josiah Quincy. Many of his works are in private possession in Boston. WIGHT, Orlando Williams (1824-88). An American physician and translator, born in Cen- treville. N. Y. He was educated at the Rochester Collegiate Institute, was ordained as a Univer- salist clergyman and accepted a call to Xewark, N. J. (1850). Three years afterwards he left the Church to engage in literary work. In 1865 he graduated in medicine at the Long Island College Hospital ; in 1874 was appointed State geologist and Surgeon-General of Wisconsin, and afterwards served as health commissioner of Mil- waukee (1878-80), and of Detroit. His publica- tions include: History of Modern Philosophy (trans, with F. W. Ricord from the French of Victor Cousin. 1S52) : Life of Ahcliird and He- loise (1853 and 1861) ; Standard French Classics (14 vols.. IS.lS-dO): I'asral's Thou(ihts (185!)); The Household Librarti (IS vols., 1850 et seq,) : six volumes of translations from Balzac (1860) ; Henri Martin's History of France (with Mary L. Booth, 1803) ; and A Winding Journey Around the Wiirld { 1SS8). WIGHT'MAN, William May (1808-82). A bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He was born' in Charleston, S, C. ; graduated at Charleston College (1827): entered the South Carolina Conference (1828); acted as financial agent for Randolph-Macon College. Va. (1834- 38) ; was professor of English literature in the same college 1838; editor of the Southern Christian Adroeate (Charleston, 1840-54) ; presi- dent of Wolford College, Spartanburg. S. C. (1854-59) ; and chancellor of the Southern Uni- versity, Greensboro, Ala. (1859-66). He was elected bishop in 1866. He was a prolific writer, but jHiblished in book form only a Life of Bishop Capers (Nashville, 1858). WIG'TOWN. The southwesternmost county of Scotland, bounded >y the Irish Sea, the North Channel, and the counties of Ayr and Kirkcud- bright (Map: Scotland, D 5). Area, 491 square miles. It is deeply intersected by arms of the sea, and consists mainly of rolling hills and moorland. Large crops of oats are raised, but most attention is paid to cattle-raising and dairying. Population, in 1901, 32,683. County town, Wigtown. ■WTGWAM (Etcheniim Algonquian iceek- irahm, house). In general, a native American house, especially one made of bark or matting. The typical wigwam consists of a framework of saplings set in the ground, connected by longi- tudinal poles, and bent inward and lashed to- gether by means of withes or thongs in such a manner as to form a rounded roof; the whole covered with sheets of birch bark sewed togetlier and attached to the frame by means of flexible rootlets. The better structures w'cre provided with a smoke hole and wind guard in the centre of the roof, and a deerskin curtain to cover the doorway, which faced the east. South of the liireh-tree zone mats maile of rushes, etc., were sometimes stibstituted for the sheets of bark, al- though most of the mat-covered structures are elongated and dome-shaped in form. In some dis- tricts the walls were of slender saplings wattled together and the roof of bark or skin. Some of these forms grade into the tipi, or tent of poles and buft'alo skins: the u-iclciup. or house of shrub- bery usually wattled : the ki, or grass houses of the ])rairies and deserts; the earth lodge, of which the Navajo hogan may be taken as the type ; and the pueblo of adobe or stone. The na- tive houses were all invested with a certain sa- cred character, and each type was constructed with care according to fixed standards, usually in conformity with ritu.ili.stic observances, extending from the gathering of material to the ceremonial installation of household deities with- out which no primitive habitation is complete. See Indians. WIJNANTS, vi'niints, Jan. A Dutch paint- er. See Wynants. WI-JTJ, we'jisy (Sinico-Korean. 'Region of Rectitude'). A walled city and port of Korea, in the Province of Phyiingan, situated on the left bank of the estuary of the Yalu-kiang (q.v.), 12 miles from its mouth and opposite the Manchurian treatv port of An-tung; latitude 39" 59' N.. longitude 124° 38' E. (Map: Korea, F 4). It is to be tlie terminus of the great trunk rail- way from Fusaii in the south, through Seoul, 'the capital,' and Songdo. now in course of con- struction. T'nder the old r<^gime it was through Wi-ju and An-tung that the annual tribute-bear- ing mission to Peking passed, accompanied by <>■ large number of merchants bomid fnr the fair held at the 'Korean G:ife.' near Fung-hwangT'ing, until the return of the mission from Peking. It was at tins point that the Manchus in 1627 crossed the ice, invaded Korea, and first exacted the tribute, and it was here that the Japanese