Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/591

* WIECK. 501 WIELAND. Dcr Musikpudai/oge Friedrich Wieck und seine Familic (ib., 1902). WIED, vet, Maximilian, Prince of (1782- 1.S07.) A (iciiiiMU naluralist, bora at Neinvied. He underlook t.vo jcjuiiieys of seiontilio iiivcsti- fiation, one tlir<)ii<;li Urazil (ISl.j-lT) and one llirouKli tlie UnittMl States (1832-34). Tliese he deseribetl in Kcise nach lirasiiien in den Jahren 1815-17, with atlas (1810-20) ; AhUldmv- gen z^tr Naturges'chiehte lirasiliens (15 parts, 1823-31): lieitriiyc zwr Naturgeischichte lirasi- liens (1824-33); Keise nach Nordaniifiha, with eiigraviiiys and atlas (1838-43). WIEDEMANN, ve'de-mUn, Alkhkd (185G— ). A German Efjyplologist, son of the following. He was born in Berlin and educated at the Univer- sity of Bonn, where he became professor of Egj'ptology in 18!ll. He wrote: Ariiiiptisehe Cl-e- schichte (1S84; supplement, 1888) : Die Religion der alien Aegypirr (1890) ; and Die Tolen und Hire Reiche iin (thnihen der alien Aegypter (2d ed., 1902), trans, from 1st ed. under the title The Aneieni Egyptian Doctrine of the I mmcyrtality of the Sonl (1895). WIEDEMANN, Gustav (1820-99). A Ger- man physicist and chemist. He was born in Ber- lin and studied at the university in that city, where in 1851 he became a privatdocent. In 1854 he was appointed professor at Basel; in 1803 he was called to the Polytechnic School at Brunswick: in 1880 he went to Karlsruhe, and in 1871 he became professor of physical ehemistrj- at Leipzig, taking the chair of physics in 1887. He carried on many re- .searches in magnetism and electricity and stud- ied the conduction of heat and electricity by solids, electrolysis, magnetic properties of bod- ies, and devised a number of species of orig- inal apparatus. He was the author of Die Lehre rom (Jalraninnrns und Eleltroniagnetismus, the third edition of which was published in four volumes under the title of Lehre von der Elek- tricitat (1881-85), and a fourth edition in 1893. Wiedemann, at the death of Poggendorff (q.v.) in 1877, assumed the direction of the Annalen der Physik vnd Chemie, to which he added the Beihlmter as a supplement. WIEDERSHEIM, ve'derz-him, KoBEKT (1848 — ). A German comparative anatomist. He studied at Tubingen and Wiirzburg. and was for a while prosector under Kolliker in Wiirz- burg, and in 1870 became professor of anatomy at Freiburg. His most important works are his textbooks of vertebrate comparative anatomy, Lehrbueh der rergleiehetiden Anntoniie der TTir- helthiere (1882. 1886): Grundriss der vergloi- chenden Anatomic der Vdrhelthiere (1884, 1888, 1893, 1898), translated into English by W. N. Parker under the title Elements of the Com- parative Anatomy of Vertebrates (1886. 1897). Among his other important works are Der Ban des ilensehen uls Zeugniss fiir seine Vergangen- licif (1887), and Das Gliedmassenskelett der Wirbelthlere (1892). WIELAND, ve'lant, Ciiristoph IMartix (1733-1813). A German author, one of the most important of the classic period of German litera- ture, born at Oberholzhfim. near Biberach, in Wiirttemberg. He went to Tiibingen (1750) to studv law, but was more interested in literature and the classics, and returned to his family much aU'eited by the mystical [liety of Klopstock, as he Itdis us in his Emp/inda iiyrn. eines Christen, but also under the sindl of tlie skeptical French plii- lo.sophy of the time. At Zurich he was welcomed (1752) by Bodiuer (q.v.), who called his atten- tion to biblical epical themes and enlisted his aid in a controversy with the Anacreontic school of Gleini (q.v.). In the course of this occupation Wieland himself was attracted to Greek literature and in poetic contributions to the psychology of modern love broke irretrievably with the Puri- tans of Zurich. In 1759 he went to Bern to ac- cept a position as private tutor. Here his natu- rally light heart betrayed liini into several love adventures; but in 1700 he obtained an odice in Biberach. In intimate association with the fas- cinating Sophie von La Roche, who played an important part in Goethe's life. Wieland hovered for a time on the brink of thoughtless hedonism, but presently outgrew this, married a homespun bread and butter wife (1705), and settled down to the daily round of a model paterfamilias amid a circle of fourteen children. During these years Wieland was writing fiction that made him a favorite with the tiernian nobility and an Ichabod to his former associates. The versified Nadine (1709) is Greek in its joy of life, the prose Don Silvio von Rosalva (1704) is a satire on idealism, and the Comic Tales {Koriiiache Erziih- lungen, 1706) pass the border line of frivolity. Then study of Fielding and other English novel- ists appears in Agathon (1767) and the versi- fied tale .Utisarion (1768) : and the intkience of Shakespeare, twenty-two of whose plan's he had translated before 1767, is also unmistakable. Wieland now attempted in Der goldene Hpicgel a description of an ideal State (1772), after ob- taining a professor's chair in the University of Erfurt (1769), whence he was summoned in 1772 to Weimar to become tutor to the young Prince Karl August and his brother. At Weimar Wieland remained honored and respected till death. The added dignity naturally produced greater literary seriousness. His critical quarter- lies, Der Dcnische Merkur (1773-95), Attisches Museum (1796-1804), and Neucs Attisches Mu- seum (1808-09), spread and confirmed his influ- ence, which was now toward a serene optimism, purer taste, and the diffusion of culture. Thus he moderated with a discriminating sympathy the excesses of the writers of the period of Storm and Stress (q.v.). The first important work of the Weimar period was Die Abderiten (1774), a satirical novel in the interest of political cos- mopolitanism. Then Goethe, and soon after- ward Herder, came to Weimar and gave new wings to Wieland's genius, leading him back to verse and to the unworked mine of mediaeval Germany, whence he drew the inspiration of Ge- ron der Adclige and of his best known epic, the romantic Oberon (1780). His later romances, Peregrinus Proteus (1701) and Aristipp (1800), are of inferior interest, and his most valu- able contributions to literary culture in the last thirty j'ears of his life were his translations of the Satires and Epistles of Horace (1782-80), the Letters of Cicero (1808-12). the Dialogues of Lucian (1788), and parts of Xenophon, Aristo- phanes, and Euripides. He took an active part in critical journalism up to 1809. and from 1794 to 1802 superintended an edition of his H'orts (45