Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/578

* WHITE STJLPHTJR SPRINGS. 488 WHITGIFT. WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. A health and pleasure resort in Greenbrier County, W. Va., 142 miles southeast of Charleston^ on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (Map: West Virginia, D 4). It is surrounded by picturesque mountain scenery, in a region noted for its nu- merous mineral springs. The popularity of White Sulphur Springs as a watering place dates from the Revolutionary period, and thousands of visitors are attracted' here annually. WHITE SWELLING. See Joi.nts, Diseases OF THE. WHITE TERROR. A name given to the reign of violence initiated in Southern France by the returned emigres, after the second restora- tion of the Bourbons, in revenge for their suffer- ings during the Red Terror of Revolutionary times and under the Empire. In Marseilles, NImes. Toulouse, and Avignon a number of Protestants who were looked upon as the special adherents of Napoleon were murdered. Judicial persecutions were also of frequent occurrence. See Fkance. WHITETHROAT. A European warbler {Sylvia citicrea). plentiful during summer in the greater part of England and Ireland, which has an energetic song, and is very lively and amusing as a cage-bird, and very easily tamed. Its plumage is brown, of various shades; the breast and belly are brownish white, tinged with rose color in the male. Other closely allied species are the lesser whitethroat {Sijlvia curruca) and the garden whitethroat {Sylvia hortensis). In the United States the name usually refers to the white-throated sparrow. See Spaebow. WHITE TOWER. The oldest portion of the Tower of London, a massive square structure 116 by 96 feet, 92 feet high, with walls 13 to 15 feet thick. Its site was once occupied by bastions built by King Alfred in 885. The present tower was built in 1078 by William the Conqueror. The White Tower has many historical associations. In it Richard II. abdicated in 1.399, and under its stone staircase were discovered the bones of the sons of Edward IV., murdered by order of Richard III. It contains the fine Norman Chapel of Saint .John, and an important collection of old armor, WHITE WALNUT. See Butternut. WHITEWATER. A city in Walworth County, Wis., 50 luilcs southwest of Milwaukee, on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Rail- road (Map: Wisconsin, E 6), It is the seat of a State normal school, and has a public library and a fine city hall. The section is engaged in stock-raising and dairy farming, and is espe- cially known for its production of butter and cheese, leaf tobacco, and sugar beets. There are manufactures of flour, leather, carriages, beer, hnnber. brick, tiling, machine-shop products, etc. Whitewater was settled in 18.39 ;ind was incor- porated in 1858. Population, in 1S90. 4.359; in 1900, 3405. WHITE'WAY, Sir William Vallanck (1828 — ). A Canadian statesman, born in Little Hempston. England. ITp was :idmi(ted to the Newfoundland b;ir in 1852, and in 1862 was ap- pointed u(en's counsel. In 1858 he entered the Newfounilhind Legislature, from 1S65 to 1869 was Speaker of the Assembly, and in the latter year was a delegate to Ottawa to arrange terms of confederation. From 1873 to 1878 he was Solicitor-General, and from 1878 to 1885 was Premier and Attorney-General. In 1889 he re- entered the Legislature as Prime Minister, and in 1893 and 1895 was returned. WHITE WHALE, or Beluga. An Arctic cetacean (Dcliiliiituijtcrus leucas), of the family Delphinida;, and closely allied to the narwhal. It is pure white in color, 12 to 18 feet long, whale-like in form, with a rather swollen muzzle and a mouth tilled with numerous conical teeth. It swims with extraordinary speed by doubling its tail far under its body and then striking out; hence it is able to capture the swiftest fishes, and often follows its prey far up the Northern rivers. It is gregarious, and may be seen in herds of 40 or 50, which often gambol around boats; it abounds in most parts of the Arctic seas, and is found as far south as Great Britain and Nova Scotia. The Greenlanders take this whale with harpoons or with nets. Its flesh af- fords them a valuable supply of food, and is eaten by most of the inhabitants of Arctic coasts; it affords also a considerable quantity of tlie very finest oil, and the skin is made into leather, known to the trade as 'porpoise-hide.' Living specimens have occasionally been exhibited in pulilic aquariums. See Whale. WHITE WOOD. See Canella; Lime-Tbee. WHIT'FIELD or WHITFELD, Henry. An English clergyman. . Tlie place and date of his birth are not known with certainty. He took orders and is said to have been appointed min- ister of Oekley, Surrey, in 1610. He protected some of the Puritan divines during Laud's perse- cution, to which he was himself finally exposed. He emigrated to New Haven in 1639, and was one of the founders of Guilford, Conn. He re- turned to England (1650) and was minister at Winchester. He wrote: Some Hclpcs to Stirre up to Christian Duties (3d ed. 1636) ; The Light Appearing More and More Toward the Perfect Dag, or a Farther Discovery of the Present State of the Indians in Xetc England Concerning the Progress of the Gospel Among Thon (1651; in Sabin's Reprints, New York, 1865) ; Strength Out of Wcalaiess, on the same topic (1652). WHITFIELD, Robert Parr (1828—). An American geologist. He was born at New Hart- ford, N. Y., received a secondary education, and in 1856 was appointed assistant in the New York State Geological Survey. He was appointed to the United States Geological Survey in 1872 and was instructor in geology at the Rensselaer Poly- technic Institute from 1872 to 1875 and |irofcssor from 1875 to 1878. He was appointed curator of the geological department of the Anu'rican Mu- seum of Natural Ilistorv in New York City in 18S7. WHIT'GIFT, John (e.1530-1604). the third Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury. He was born at Great Grimsby, in Lincolnshire, accord- ing to one account in 1530, according to another in 1533. lie was educated at Cambridge, and in 1555 he was elected a fellow of I'eterhouse. He took orilcrs in 1560, ; d the Bishop of Kly :ip- pointed him his eha))lain, and gave him the living of Teversham, Canduidgeshire. In 1563 he was appointed Lady Margaret professor of divinity.