Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/555

* WHETSTONE. 469 WHIG. ily. He was born probably in London. From his father lie seems to have inlierited a compe- tence which lie quickly squandered. He served in the Low Countries in 1 j72 and was present at the battle of Zutphcn (September 13, l.")S(i), when Sir Philip Sidney was mortally wounded. He also accompanied Sir Humphrey Gilljerl on the disastrous voyage to Newfoundland (1.578-79). Whetstone is mainly of interest l)eeause his Promos and Cdsnuiiilra, a play in rhymed verse (1578; reprinted by Collier and Hazlitt's Hhakc- speare's Libruri/, 1875), and the prose tale with the same title, in his Ucptumeron of Ciuill Dis- coii>:s<s (1582; also reprinted by Collier and Hazlitt), furnished the plot for Shakespeare's Measure for Measure. Among his other works are the Rocke of Regard, verse tales mostly from the Italian (1570; reprint by Collier, 1870); A Reineiiihraunce, an elegj' on George Gascoigne (1577; in Arber's reprints of Ciaseoigne's works, 1868) ; and A Miroiir for Magestrates of Cyties, a Jjrose treatise (1584). WHE WELL, hu'cl, William (1794-1866). A distinguished English scholar and philosopher. He was born at Lancaster, graduated with high honors at Trinity College. Cambridge, in 1816, and became a fellow^ and later a tutor, of Trin- ity'. In 1S20 he became a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1827 of the Geological Society. He spent much time in traveling and studying architecture and natural science. From 1828 to 1832 he was professor of mineralogy at Cam- bridge, and from 1838 to 1855 Knigbtbridge pro- fessor of moral philosophy. He became master of Trinity in 1841, and in the same year was president of the British Association. In his ear- lier literary career he produced several text- books on mathematical subjects which have now been superseded, and also contributed a variety of papers to scientific journals and to the Trans- actions of learned societies. Later in life he con- centrated his powers mainly on the production of large works. Among the more important of his books are: Astronomy and General Physics Considered with Reference to Natural Theology (the third Bridgewater treatise, 1833) ; His- tory of the Inductive Sciences (1840) ; Philoso- phi/ of the Inductive Sciences (1840) ; and The Elements of Morality, Including Polity (1845). His treatise on The Plurality of Worlds (1853) had a considerable popularity from its subject; his Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy in En(j](inil (1852), and The Platonic Dialogues for English Readers, a selected translation, may also be mentioned. He died at Trinity in con- sequence of injuries sustained through a fall when riding. He was a man of the most varied acquisitions, a clear-headed student, a vigorous and independent thinker and writer. It was said of him that science was his forte, omniscience his foible. His chief ambition was to grasp, survey, and coordinate the sciences. He did ex- cellent service to both science and history in his endeavor to gratify it. He took a prominent part in the reorganization of the course of study at Cambridge, and left his mark as one of the most efficient masters of Trinity, besides twice holding the office of vice-chancellor. He became wealthy through two- marriages, and was very generous in the use of his money; his gifts to the university alone are estimated at over £100,- 000. In philosophy he was an intuitionist, and is now best remembered as an opponent of J. S. Jlill. Consult the biographies by Todhunter (London, 1870) and Mrs.' Douglas (ib., 1881). WHEY (AS. hwwg, MDuteli icey, huy, hoy, hui, iJutch wei, whey, of unknown etymology). A by-product obtained in the manufacture of cheese (q.v. ). When milk is curdled with rennet or any similar substance, the curd sejiarates from the liquid portion of the milk, and the latter is termed whey. If skillfully manipulated, the curd contains the casein and holds most of the fat of the milk mechanically. In continuing the process, the whey is drawn olT from the curd, and later more completely removed by press- ing. For every pound of Cheddar cheese made, there is nearly nine pounds of whey as a by- product, or a total of about two and a half bil- lion pounds, equivalent to seven million barrels, in the United States annually. Its principal use is as a feed for pigs, calves, and sometimes for cows. It is less valuable for this purpose than skim milk or buttermilk, for the casein, which contributes largely to the value of both of the.se, is lacking in whey. It contains about 93 per Cent, of water (only 7 per cent, of solids), 5 per cent, of milk sugar, 0.9 per cent, of casein and albumin, 0.3 to 0.5 per cent, of fat, and about 0.5 per cent, of ash. Hence its principal con- stitutent is sugar. It is. in reality, a very thin feed, and as it spoils quite i-eadilj', causing dis- turbances in young animals, some factories prefer to throw it away rather than incur the risk of feeding it. It should be kept and fed in clean vessels, and, being a carbohydrate food, should have grain added to it. In large factories whey is used for making milk sugar. (See Sugak.) Whey cheese, made in some of the countries of Northern Europe, is practically evaporated whey, with some cream added. Butter has been made from whey, by running it through a separator, but in good cheese-making practice whey contains very little butter fat. Wlieyn is a. nourishing, mildly stimulating beverage prepared from whey. The whey of goats' milk is regarded by some as especially beneficial in the treatment of certain diseases, and in Switzerland and elsewhere there are large establishments for carrying out the whey-cure, either alone or associated with the grape-cure. WHICKHAM, hwik'om. A manufacturing town in Durham, England, 3 miles west-south- west of Newcastle. It has iron foundries, chem- ical works, timber vards, and saw mills. Pop- ulation, in 1901, 12',851. WHIDAH or WHYDAH BIKD. Jlistaken spellings of widow-hiid dj.v.). WHIG AND TORY (Whig, probably abbre- viated from u-higgainore, a .nickname for the Presbyterian peasantry of the western lowlands of Scotland, from ivhiggani, apparently a word to urge on a horse, from whig, to jog along; Tory, from Ir. toridhe, tornidhe, tornighe, pursuer, plunderer, from torighim, to fancy, pursue). The names which for about two centuries were popu- larly applied to the two great political parties in Great Britain. Both were at first names of re- proach. Whig was meant to imply that those who were thus designated were no better than the Presbyterian rebels of Scotland, while the name