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* WESTPHAL. 443 WESTPHALIA. {iriechischen Dramutiker und Lyriker (1854-65; rewritten in the third edition, under the title of Theorie der inusischcn Kiinsic der Ifellencn, ISSfi- 80) ; Prolcffomena zu .Kschylus' Tnii/iklien (180!)); 'J'licorie der iieuhochdeutschen Metrik (1870); Elemente des musikalinelien Rhytlimus mit Uiicksicht uuf unsere Opernmusik (1872); Veryleichendc VramniutUc der indugennanisc)ien iSprachcn (of which only the volume on the verb appeared, 1873) ; and Die iMusik del f/riecliischen Altrrliniis (18S:3). WESTPHA'LIA. A provinre of Prussia, bounded on the north and cast by Hanover, on the east by .Schaund)urg-Lippe, Lii)pe, Bruns- wick, liesse-Nassau, and 'aldeek, on the south- ■east by Hesse-Nassau, on the southwest by the Rhine Province, and on the northwest bv the Netherlands (Map: Prussia. P .3). Area.' 7803 square miles. It is nearly altogether moinitain- ous and hilly, the highest point being aliout 2700 feet above the sea. The region belongs to the basins of the Khine, Ems, and Weser. Westphalia is rich in iron and coal. The out- put of coal in 1900 was valued at $90,000,000. Dortmund is the chief coal centre. In iron the province leads all the others in Prussia, the value of the output for 1900 having been $28,000.- •000. Westphalia also ranks among the first Prus- sian provinces in the production of zinc and coji- per. Lead and other ores are also mined. The stone output is heavy and the salt industry con- siderable. The supply of coal and iron lias lent great impetus to manufacturing interests. There are numerous iron works, and machinery and all varieties of metal wares are largely manufac- tured. The region between the Weser and the Lippe has for centuries been the seat of impor- tant linen industries. Woolen cloths, hosiery, and cottons are among the conspicuous manu- factures. Paper, leather, and wood carvings also figure extensively in the shipments. In 1900 sugar was produced to the amount of 17,020 tons. About 40 per cent, of the total area of West- phalia is in farms, gardens, and vineyards, about 28 per cent, in woodland, and about 2.5 per cent, in meadows. Rye and oats lead in importance among the cereals. Potatoes and wheat are pi'o- duced in considerable quantities, and the prov- ince is noted for excellent flax. Dairying and gardening thrive, and the cattle and swine in- dustries are prominent. The province embraces the three administrative districts of JIunstcr, Minden. and Arnsberg. Miinster is the capital. It sends 17 members to the Reichstag and 31 to the Prussian Landtag. The population in 1900 was 3.187.777 — about evenly divided between Protestants and Catholics. At the head of the excellent provincial education system stands the Academy of INIiinster. History. The ancient duchy of the Saxons was divided into Westfalen (Westphalia) in the west, Ostfalen (Eastphalia) in the east, and Engern, between the two. With the dissolution of the Saxon. iduchy at the close of the twelfth ■century the name Westphalia came to designate a duchy ruled by the archbishops of Cologne. Its territory lay in the southeastern part of what is now the Province of Westphalia. The arch- bishops held sway till '1803. The district then passed to Hesse-Darmstadt, which in ISlo trans- ferred it to Prussia. This duchy was one of Vol. XX.— 29. many sovereignties which arose in the Middle Ages in the present Province of Westphalia. In the seventeenth century lirandenburg ac(|uired dominion in the region l)y obtaining possession of the counties of Mark and Ravensberg and the See of Minden. The Congress of Vienna (1814- 15) assigned to Prussia the whole of West- phalia within its present limits. One of the circles into which the Holy Roman Empire was divided was called the Westphalian Circle. It embraced an extensive region between the Rhine and We.ser, extending northward to the North Sea, and a large territory west of the Rhine, com- prising part of the modern Xetherlands and Bel- gium. See Wk.stpii.li.. Ki.nodom of. Consult: Weddigen, WfHtfulen, Lund und Leiilc (Paderborn, 1890); Schiicking and Freiligrath, Das malerische und romantiache M'enlfalcn (ib., 1808) : Schulze, Die Provinz Westfalrii (Minden, 1900). WESTPHALIA, Kingdom of. A kingdom created l)y Napoleon in August, 1807, for his brother .Jerome Bonaparte. It was constituted out of part of the territories given up by Prus- sia in the Treaty of Tilsit and of the dominions of the Elector of Hesse-Cassel and the Duke of Brunswick. It had an area of about 15.000 square miles and a population of about 2,000,000. The kingdom came to an end in 1-813, after the defeat of Napnlcon at Leipzig. WESTPHALIA, Pe.ce of. The treaty which closed the Thirty Years' War (q.v.) in 1048 and gave a new adjustment to the religio- political a flairs of Euro])e. It is so called from the fact that the envoys met in the cities of Miinster and Osnabriick. in the Circle of West- phalia. It is sometimes spoken of as the Treaty of Miinster. The minor German States had long sought relief from the devastations of war, and in 1041, at a convention held at Hamburg, preliminaries regarding the conduct of negotia- tions for |)eace were agreed upon. In 1044 a congress which had been called to meet in March. 1042, ojiened. The representatives of France, the Empire. Spain, and the Cierman Catholics met at Miinster, and those of Sweden, the Em- pire, and the German Protestants at Osnabriick. Portugal, the United Provinces, Savoy, Tuscany, Lorraine. Mantua, and Switzerland were also represented. The negotiations were long drawTi out, but Torstenson's decisive campaign in 1044- 45 and the successes of Turenne and Wrangel in Southern Germany, together with the capture of part of Prague by Kiiiiigsmark in July. 1648, forced the Emperor Ferdinand III. to give up his dilatory tactics. After the signing of treaties at Osnabriick and Miinster the Osnabriick diplo- mats went to Miinster in October, 1648. and the general Peace of A'estpha!ia, was signed there on the 24th. Its terms, as regards the (ierman Empire, were as follows: The sovereignty and independence of the different States of the Em- pire were fully recognized, and liberty was given them to contract any alliances with each otiier. or with foreign powers, if these were not against the Emperor or the Empire. -All religious perse- cution in Germany was interdicted. The Treaty of Passau of 15.52 and the religious Peace of Au.ssburg of 1555 were confirmed. With respect to the secularization of ecclesiastical benefices, everything was to remain in Austria as it .was