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* WESTMINSTER PALACE. 442 WESTPHAL. time to time by succeeding sovereigns, especially ty Henry III. It was not a homogeneous build- in", but a eomijlex of separate apartments, com- prising the royal residence, the great hall, the royal exchequer, the law courts, and rooms for other administrative and judicial functions. In 1834 the entire complex, except the great hall, was destroyed by conflagration. For the new Palace of Westminster, see Pakliament, Houses OF. WESTMINSTER SCHOOL. One of the oldest of English public schools, established by Henry VIII.,"refounded in 1560 by Queen Eliza- beth, and reorganized in 1868 as one of the seven great public schools. There are 60 foundation- ers, about 20 vacancies occurring every year. The school is particularly famous for the West- minster Play, an annual representation of a Latin comedy, produced by the scholars. There are a number of close scholarships and exhibi- tions tenable at Christ Church, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge. WESTMINSTER STANDARDS. A set of books drawn up by the Westminster Assembly, comprising: (1) the Confession ; (2) the Larger and Smaller Catechisms; (3) the Directory of Public Worship; and (4) the Directory for Church Polity and Discipline. The name is often used for the first two alone. For their bistory and contents, see Creeds. d Confes- sioxs": Pkesbyteeianism. For the text, consult : SchafT, Creeds of Christendom (New York, 1884) ; the Edinburgh edition (University Press, IS55) ; and the various editions of the American Pres- byterian Board of Publication (Philadelphia). Consult also: A. A. Hodge, Commentary on the Confession of Faith (New York, 1869) ; 'Mitchell and Struthers, Minutes and Sessio>is of the West- minster Assembly (London, 1874) ; Mitchell, The 'Westminster Assembly and Standards (ib., 1883). WEST'MORELAND or WESTMORLAND. A northwestern county of England, bounded by Cumberland, Durham, York.shire, and Lancashire (Map: England, D 2). In the southwest it has a short coast line on Morecanibe Bay, separating Lancashire into two detached portions. Area, 783 square miles. Its surface is mountainous, rising in Helvcllyn. on the Cumberland boundary, to a height of 3118 feet. The western part be- longs to the Lake District ; Lake Windermere lies on the western boundary. Large areas are wooded. Only one-half of the county is im- proved, and of this by far the greater part is pasture, cattle and sheep-raising being the chief occupation. Population, in 1901, 64,305. County town, Appleby. Consult: Fleming, Description of Westmoreland (London. 1882): Ferguson, History of Westmoreland (London, 1894). WES'TON, Edward (1850—). An Ameri- can electrician, born in London, England. He studied medicine in England. b>it in 1870 came to the t'nited States, and there became chemist to a nickel-plating company. He improved the process of nicKcI-plating, made investigations in «lectricit3', and in 1875 established at Newark, N. J., the first factory in the United States ex- clusively for the manufacture of dynamo-electric machines. This was consolidated in 1881 with another company, and he was electrician of the new organization from 1881 to 1888. He made particular study of incandescent and are electric lighting, and patented many devices in both sys- tems. Among liis inventions are a series of im- proved meters for electric measurements, which have attained international repute for accuracy and general clUciency, a standard cell (see Vol- taic Cell or Battery ), an improved carbon fila- ment for incandescent Inmyjs, and a system of high-power incandescent lamps. He was a found- er of the American Institute of Electrical Engi- neers, and its president in 1888. WES'TON, TnoitAS (?-1643?). An Eng- lish colonist in America. He was a London merchant and the prime mover in the joint- stock company to assist the Plymouth Colony in 1020, which practically ended in a fiasco. Two years later he began a settlement of his own at Wessagussett (Weymouth), coming over him- self. His colonists proved to be a thriftless set and were rescued from annihilation by the In- dians through the elTorts of Miles Standish; most of them went to Plymouth, and Weston himself soon returned to England. WESTON-STJPER-MARE, -su'])er-mu're. A watering jilace in Somerset, England, on the Bristol Channel. 20 miles southwest of Bristol (Map: Enaland, C 5). Population, in 1891, 15,800; in 1901, 19.047. WEST ORANGE. A town in Essex County. N. J., 5 miles northwest of Newark, and 12 miles west of New York City ; on the Delaware, Lackaw,T.nna and Western railroad and a branch of the Erie (Map: New Jersey, D 2). It is finely situated at the base and along the slope of Orange Mountain. Eagle Rock (elevation over 600 feet) commands a magnificent view of the vicinity and of the city and harbor of New York. The town has well-paved streets, and there are two public parks owned and main- tained by the county. Llewellyn Park, com- prising 750 acres, studded with handsome dwell- ings, is one of the most beautiful residence parks in the country. ^Manufacturing is the leading in- dustry, the principal cstalilishments being the Edison Phonograph and Electrical Works and hat, box. and carriage factories. Population, in 1890. 4358; in 1900. 6889. WESTPHAL, vest'f;il, .ToACniM (1510-74). A German tlieologian, burn at Hamburg. He studied theology at Wittenberg under the guid- ance of Luther, and then at the universities of Heidelberg, Strassburg, and Basel. In 1541 he was appointed ])reneher in his native city. He became specially known through his polemical activity on the Lutheran side in the controversy between the Swiss and German Reformers con- cerning the Lord's Supjier. Among the pam- phlets Wcstphal publisiied on this contest arc: I'ecin Fides dc Cirna Domini (1553) ; Collcrlanra Sententiarnm Atirclii Anfinxtini dc Cocna Domini (15551 : and Cnnfntnlio Miqvot Eitormium Men- dionim J. Cnlrini (1558). WESTPHAL,, Rudolf (1826-92). A German classical scholar. Iiorn at Obernkirchcn, Schanm- birg. He studied at Marburg, was professor extraordinary at Breslau in 1858-00. and pro- fessor of philology' at IVfoscnw in 1875-79. His works, niost of whiob di-al with Greek music and versification, include: Metrik der