Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/463

* WEAVING. ■ 38T WEBB. sppoial warp or filliiijr floats from fij,'ire to fipviro in Imt a siiif^lc thread. As has been e.xphiined, tlierc ninst be aa many harness-frames used in weaving a fabric as lliere are threads or series of warp-threads wliieli in- terlace with the lillinir by diU'erent movements, and as the spare in the loom usually limits the number of harness to not exceeding 24 frames, it must be the object of the designer or weaver to rcdiice the weave to the smallest number of harness possible to get the best results. A simple illustration of this feature of weaving is shown in Fig. 4. The weave B repeats itself B 4 -¥ ■it- X X X - . T >d' 2 ■ V, X X ^^ ■T^ 1'- 4 3 Vt ri. ^COM _ t lY X X ) < X X X X I- G 7 X ) < X X ^ < X X XX X X X X X X X 4 X "■STx" X X X 3 -> K X X X < X X X X ?. X ■: < X X ) « X X XX 1 XX X X X X X I 2 3 4 5 5 7 a 9 10 II 12 I 2 3 4 Sc. Fig 4. DBAWING-IN DRAFT AND H-ARNESS — CH.AIN PLAN. on 12 threads and could be woven on 12 harness, but the number of harness may be reduced to four by drawing all threads which h.ave like movements on the same harness as designated at A. Tlie same principle is ap)died to more elabo- rate patterns where the weave may repeat on 100 or more warp threads and could be reduced, by the special draaing-in, to a number of harness which can be handled in the loom. In the har- ness looms the movements of the various harness are governed either by cams or a pattern-chain which is so arranged that as it passes over a email intermittently revolving cjdinder the bars of the chain, which are supplied with a roll, or small cam, for each luirness that is to be raised, act on certain levers which control the harness and raise or lower them according to the arrangement of the harness-chain. Diagram C in Fig. 4 is the plan for the harness-chain to produce the weave B when the warp is drawn in the harness as at A. For patterns where the warp threads inter- lace with so many dif- ferent movements that the weave may not be reduced as above, the patterns must be pro- duced in a loom supplied with the Jacquard machine, which is a special head motion or har- ness motion and is fully described in the article Loom. In addition to the several classes of weaving already described there is the weaving of gauze or open-work fabrics in what are called Lena effects, in which certain of the warp threads are made to cross over or twist part way around each other instead of running parallel through- FlG, eiMl'LE LENO EFFECT. out the length of the fabric. The cross-over threads ma^' cross one thread or over several and interlace with the lilling for one or more picks, tlicn cross over on the face of the clotli to inter- lace on the opposite side of the ground threads. This kind of weaving eamiot easily be described briefly, but an examination of Fig. 5 will show a simple ed'cct produced in this manner; the single lines represent the warp and filling threads interlacing in the plain weave, while the cross- over threads, creating the Leiio elTcct. are desig- nated by the licavy lines. On account of the difference of the take->ip of the warp threads be- cause of some running jjarallel and others cross- ing from side to side, it; is often necessary to ar- range the warp threads for the loom on two or more warp-beams, that they may l)e allowed to unwind and weave up at dilferent speeds. Consult: Ashenhurst, Wcrivinr/ and Designing of Textile Fabrics (London, 1887) ; Posselt, Textile Machinery Relating to Weaving (Phila- delphia, 1001); Barlow, The History awl Prin- ciples of Weaving by Hand and by Power (Lon- don, 1870) ; Posselt, Jactiuard Machine Analyzed and Explained (Philadelphia, 189.3). Sec LoOM; Textile Manufacturing; Cotton; Wool; etc. WEBB, Alexander Stewart (18.3.5—). An American soldier and educator^ born in New York City. He graduated at West Point in 1855; was assistant professor of mathematics there in 1857-61; and during the Civil War served in the defense of Fort Pickens, at the first battle of Bull Run, and in the Peninsular and ilaryland campaigns, and was made a brigadier- general of volunteers in June, 1803. At (icttys- burg his brigade played a conspicuous part in re- pelling Pickett's famous charge. He commanded a division in the Rapidan campaign, and a brigade in the campaign of the Wilderness; Was severely wounded at Spottsylvania; and acted as chief of staff to General Meade after his return to active service. In August, 1864, he was brevet- ted major-general of volunteers for his services at Gettysburg and in the Wilderness campaign, and in March, 1865, was brevetted brigadier- general in the Regular Army for his services in the last campaign against General Lee, and major-general for his services during the war. In December, 1870, at his own request, he was honorably discharged. From 1809 until 1903 he was president of the College of the City of Xew York. He published The Peninsula: MeClellan's Campaign of 1SG2 ( 1882). WEBB, Charle.s Henry (1834—). An Ameri- can author, born at Rouse Point. N. Y. He ran away to sea in his youth, was on the staff • of the New Y'ork Times in 1860-63. and, having in the latter year gone to California, there founded The Californian, which he edited until 1800. He subsequently contributed to the New York Tribune humorous artfcles over the sig- nature .John Paul. His pulJications include Liffrth Lank (1807), Haint Tu-el'mo { 1808). John PnuVs Book (1874), Parodies. Prose and Verse (1870), and Vagrom Verse (1889). WEBB, George Jame.s (1805-87). An Ameri- can musician and teacher, born near Salisbury, England. In 1830 he settled in Boston, Mass., where in 1836 he became co-founder of the Bos- ton Academy of Music and in 1840 president of the Han<iel and Haydn Society. He taught