Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/435

* WATER-WORKS. 365 WATLING STREET. fire purposes. The seeonci American water-works plant was built at lietlileliciii, Pa. It was begun in 17.54 by a Danish millwright named Hans Christopher Christiansen ami was finished in 1761. Water from a spring was piped for 350 feet to a cistern, or well, from which a wooden pump, five inches in diameter, forced it through bored hemlock logs to a wooden tank in the vil- lage sipiare, 70 feet above the pumps. In 1701 Christiansen and others built larger works, in- cluding three simple-acting iron force pumps, four inches iu diameter and with a stroke of 18 inches, driven by an undershot water wheel. Tile new pipe from the pump to the tank was of gum wood, and the distributing pi|)es W'ere of pitch pine. In 1700 the latter had to be re- newed and in 1780 lead pipes were substituted for both the foree pumj) or force main and most of the distributing |)i]ies. In 18i;i iron pipes were introduced, with leather-packed joints, clamped together with iron. The pumps installed in 1701 W'Cre used for seventy-one years, when they were supplanted by 5 X 30-inch double- acting pumps, which were in use as late as 1887. Steam was not substituted for water power until 1808. In 1871 the borougli bought the works from their private owners, the Bethlehem Water Company. To the close of the year 1800 there had been built in the United States 10 water-works plants. All but one of these were originally owned by private companies, but during the nineteenth century 14 of the 15 remaining cities changed from [irivate to public ownership. The names of the 10 cities, the dates the original works were constructed, and the years of change to public ownership are as follows : Water-Wokks in the United States at the Close OF 1800 {From Tbe Manual of American Water-Works for 1891.) Located at Date built Change to public ownersliip 16!i2 1761 1772 1787 1796 1796 1797 179S 1798 1798 or 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 Before Isoo 1800 Still Alw. 1848 Bethlehem, Pa 1871 1871 Geneva. N Y 1896 1855 1875 1854 Portsmouth. N. H Worcester, Mass 1891 1852 Albany, N. Y 18)1 Peabodv. Mass 1873 New York, N. Y 1845 Morristown, N. J private 1M2R Newark. N. J 1860 Bibliography. Consult: Fanning, TJiiiirauUc and Water Siiiiiili/ Eiifiiiwcrhig(^evYoi. 7th ed., 1S80), for many years a recognized standard tech- nical work; Turneaure and Russell, Public AVatcr f!i(pplies (ib., lnOl). a comprehensive technical work, with good bibliographies at the close of the most important chapters; Folwell, Water Siipph/ Enflincerinfi (ib.. 1000). less technical than Fan- ning; Godell, Water-Works for Sviall Cities and Toirns (ib., ISOn). somewhat elementary, but con- taining numerous citations from scattered papers and articles by able engineers; Burton. Water Siipplfi of Toirns (London. 1894). technical gen- eral treatise; Gould, Elements of Water Siippli/ Engineering (New York, 1800). relates chiefly to the flow of water in pipes; Billings, Some Details of Water-Works Vonslruetion (ib., 1803), prac- tical points on pipe-laying, etc.; Mason, Water Hupply (ib., 1800), "considered principally from a sanitary standpoint;" Fuertes, llV/(c';- and Pub- lic Ueulth (ib., 1807), a brief study of the rela- tion between pure water or the reverse and ty- phoid fever; Kiehiirds and Woodman, .1/;-, Water, and Fond ( ib., 1000), a jiopular work, combing with carefully prepared instructions for making analyses of water; Whipple, The Microscopy of Drinkinfi Water (ib., 1800) ; Percy and Grace Frankland, Micro-Oryanisms in Water (London, 1804); Rafter, Microscopical Examination of Potable Water (Now York, 1802) ; Baker, Pot- able Water and Methods of Detcctiny Impurities ( ib., 1800), brief and jiopular; Meyer, Water- Waste Prevention (ib., 1885), a brief account of inspection and tbe use of meters as preven- tives of water waste; llazleton. Ton-ers and Tanks for Water-Works (ib., 1901); Pence, Ktandpipc Accidents and Failures (ib.. 1895); M. N. Baker (editor). The Manual of American Water-Works (ib., 1807), describes all the water- works plants in the United States and Canada, about 3400 in all, at the close of 1890, and gives statistics of extent of works, receipts and expen- ditures; also see bibliographies in articles under cross-references. See AQUEnucTS; Uams and Reservoibs; Fil- ter AND Filtr.vtion; Pipe; Pumps .'Vnd Pimp- ing Machinery; Water Meters; W'ateb Puri- fication ; Water Supply ; Windmill. WATER- YAM. See Latticeleaf. WAT'FORD. A market town in Hertford- shire, England, picturesquely situated on the Coin, 15 miles northwest of London (Map: Lon- don, B 3). It has fine public buildings, in- cluding a restored Perpendicular church and the well-known London Orphan Asylum. There are silk, paper, and flour mills. Population, in 1891, 17,003; in 1901, 29,023. WAT'KINS. The county-seat of Schuyler County, X. Y., 22 miles north by west of Elmira, on Seneca Lake, and on the New York Central and the Northern Central railroads ( Map : New York, D 3 ) . The vicinity abounds in picturesque lakes and mineral springs, but is better known for its numerous glens and ravines. Watkins Glen, with its cascades and waterfalls, and the group of springs known as the Glen Springs, are especially noteworthy. Other fea- tures of the village are the Glen Springs Sana- torium and the piiblic and high school libraries. Farming and viticulture are the principal in- dustries of the surrounding country, and the vil- lage has large salt works and manufactories of flour, carriages, and iron' and lumber products. Population, in iSOO. 2004; in 1900. 2943. WATKINS GLEN. See Watkins. WATTLING'S ISLAND. A small island of the Bahamas, situated in the east central part of the group, 46 miles southeast of Cat Island (Map: Antilles. K 2). It is generally identified with Guanahani or San Salvador, the first land- ing place of Columbus. WAT'LING STREET (AS. Wa-tlinga street). A celebrated Roman highway of Britain, begin- ning at Dover, passing through Canterbury and Rochester to London, and thence through Wrox- eter and' Chester to Caer-Seiont, the ancient Segontium, in Caernarvonshire. From W^roxeter