Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/433

* WATEE-WORKS. 3fi3 WATEE-WORKS. Water Consvmi'tion and Use of Meters in the 50 Larce.st Cities of the United States in 1!)00 AND 18!)0. (From Knginecrinn yens for April 18, llJOl.) The figures for lilOO were coiiipiloil from special reports from ollicials by George 1. Bailey; tlie li;.'ines Tlic Manual of American Water-Works for 1891. for 1H90 are from Percentaor ok Taps Metkukd anh Pku Capita Water CONHUMPTION IN THE r>l! I,A UtJERT ('iTIEfl OF THE I'MTEII States in Isau and i. WUO, Auiianued in Okueb ok POPOI-ATION* WATEU rnSHrMPTKIN AND l'ElinENTA(E OF TAPS MeTEHED IN THE r)!! LaIIOEHT CniEH OF THE I'MTEll STATE? AUItANGEIlIN OHHF.H (^F ConhTM PTION * New Yorkf Chlcag-i) Philadelphia..., Brooklyn f St. Louis Boston Baitinioi-n San FruiK'isco.. Cincinnati Clevehiiid Buffalo New Orleans PittsbUl'n' Washington. .. Detroit Milwaukee Newark Minneapolis.... Jersey City Louisville Omaha. Rochester St. I'aul Kansas City... Providence Denver Indianapolis... Allegheny Albany Columbus Syracuse Worcester Toledo Eichmond New Haven Paterson Lowell Naehville Scranton Fall River Cambridge Atlanta Memphis Wilmington ... Dayton Trny Grand Rapids Reading Camden Trenton Percent, taps metered 20.2 0.3 2.5 8.2 5.0 0.1 41.4 4,1 6,8 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 2.1 31,9 2.4 6.3 1.2 5.9 19.4 11.4 4.2 17.6 62.4 0.8 7.6 0.0 0.4 6.4 14.6 89,4 9.4 1.4 1900 3.3 0.6 "e.ij 5,5 1,5 23.0 7.0 4.',l 1.0 22.9 0.8 74.6 2.4 89.6 3.7 0.2 3,8 3.9 0.1 0.6 2.7 10.0 67.0 21. U 27.5 2.0 7.5 34.6 25,3 28,2 40,0 82,6 1,2 6,0 12,3 34,0 47.4 94.3 50.3 30.4 2.6 20.7 62.5 41.6 94,3 6,1 91,6 8,3 4,3 46.7 4,2 13.4 4.0 1.4 Per capita eon- sumption 1890 79 140 132 72 72 HO 94 61 112 103 186 37t 144 158 161 110 76 75 »7 74 94 6(! 60 71 48 71 233 '"78 68 69 72 167 135 128 29 64 36 124 113 47 125 ""75 131 62 1900 Increase or dec. ■iiriHunip- tion, in 10 years, gals. In 1890 110 190 229 169 143 97 73 121 159 233 48* 231 185 146 80 94 93 160 100 176 83 67 62 64 300 79 191 230 102 70 119 100 150 129 85 140 "'36 711 84 125 90 62 183 156 92 280 99 37 611 97 87 63 3 12 7 m 47 11 87 27 15 30 18 18 63 26 82 17 7 9 6 4- 152 17 149 37 Allegheny Buffalo Richmond Detroit Washington... Nashville Pittsburg Chicago New Haven Pliiladelphia... Cnniden Paterson Troy Memi)hiB Wilmington.... Cincinnati Milwaukee...... Cleveland Jersey City Baltimore Omaha Boston New York Columbus Newark Reading Minneapolis..,. Louisville Toledo Brooklyn St. Louis Indianapolis... Kansas City... Syracuse Lowell Rochester Cambridge Trenton San Francisco. St. Paul Worcester Providence Dayton New Orleans..,, Atlanta Fall River ., 238 1H6 )i;7 161 1.58 146 144 140 136 132 131 12,S 125 124 113 112 110 103 97 94 94 80 79 78 16 75 75 74 72 72 72 71 71 68 66 66 64 62 61 60 59 48 47 37 36 29 a. oj IB. OS 0.0 0.2 1.4 2.1 0.3 0.8 0.2 In 1900 e-S C 0) 3 Small Small 3.9 3.7 0.2 4,1 31.9 5.8 1.2 0,1 19.4 5.0 20.2 0.4 2.4 1 6.3 5.9 9,4 2,5 8,2 7.6 17.6 14.0 22.9 11,4 2.4 Small 41,4 4.2 89.4 62.4 3.8 0.4 89,6 74.6 IJenvert ' 300 Alleglieny 1 ? Camden 280 Buffalo ' 233 Pittsburg I 231 Columbus 230 Philadelphia ' 229 Albany 191 Chicago 100 Waslilngton 185 Troy 183 Omaha 176 JerseyCity; St. Louis Cleveland Craiid Rapids... New Haven Iletroit Boston Nashville Paterson Memphis Cincinnati Toledo New York Syracuse Riclimond Louisville Trenton Baltimore Newark Minneapolis Readfng Wilmington Lowell .tlanta Itochester Milwaukee Cambridge Indianapolis ... San Francisco., Worcester St, Paul Kansas City llayton Providence New Orleans Fall River clude all the cities in the earlier grouping. t New York and Brooklyn consolidated since 1890. t Only a small part of the population supplied. workmanship in the construction of the jilant, particularly in all the underground portions where leaks are difficult to detect and costly to repair. The next step is to insist on hi,2li-!»rade similar device at its upper end self-closing plumbing fixtures, including all fau- cets or spigots for drawing hot and cold water, and particularly the flushing devices of water- closets. To detect leaks or other causes of waste inside the house line either meters or house-to- house inspection may be employed. The latter can be made only at long intervals, at best, causes friction, and is insuflicient and unsatis- factory, ileters not only detect leaks, liut they make the consumer liable for any neglect in stop- ping them and likewise debit the consumer with all wastefulness due to letting the water run to prevent freezing in cold weather, or to secure cooler water in summerj or because of mere care- Vo,.. XT.— 24. 100 159 1.W 160 1.^)0 140 143 140 129 125 121 119 116 102 100 100 99 97 94 93 93 90 85 84 83 80 1.2 -> l'.4 1.6 0.6 34.0 0.5 12.3 3.3 2,7 4,2 34.6 2.0 6.3 4.9 13.4 2.0 10,0 5.5 41.5 20.7 8,3 7,6 60,3 47.3 30.4 7.5 1.5 21.9 27.5 4.0 4.3 52.5 91 6 25.3 67.6 6.1 6.0 23.0 94.3 28.2 40.0 46.7 82.6 94.3 missing figures. This table is based on the opposite table, which in turn was based on the classification of the census of 1890, instead of that of 1900, t In Denver, water is used for irrigation," lessness. Service pipes may be inspected by means of a steel rod with- a telephone receiver or The rod is in- serted through the service box and placed on the corporation cock. If ever so small a stream of water is running the ear of tjie trained ob- server will catch the sound and an inspection is made. The district meter system is also a help in detecting underground leaks. For leaks and waste inside buildings, due to poor plumbing or carelessness, the district meter system, like house-to-house inspection, is so infrequent as to be but a poor competitor of the house meter system. The district plan has not been used much in the United States, but where employed persistently and intelligently, particularly where house meters were impracticable or underground
 * The classifleation is by the census of 1890, so as to in-
 * . few cities are omitted from each list, on account of