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* WATER-COLOR PAINTING. 338 WATERFOBD. ments in the preparation of the colors — great variety of really permanent colors being now procurable. These are various pigments ground with gum or other mucilage, and may be kept in cakes, the usual vehicle for moistening and applying them being gum arabic and water. But for artists they are now usually prepared so as to be kept moist in small earthenware pans or metallic tubes. The earliest organized society for the pro- motion of the art was the British Society of Painters in Water-Colors, founded in London in 1804, and known since 1882 as the Royal Society, which has held exhibitions since 1805. Societies exist in other countries where the art is prac- ticed. The Socifte des Aquarellistes Frangais in Paris was founded in 1879, before which aquarelles were exhibited in the Salon. The American Society has held yearly exhibits in New York since" 1867. The South Kensington JIuseum possesses what is probably the finest collection of water-colors in existence. BiBLiOGR.iPiiT. For the technical side, consult Barnard, Landscape Painting in Water-Colors (London, 1870) ; Hamerton, Graphic Arts (ib., 1882); Cassagne, Traite d'aquareUes (Paris, 1886); Ciceri, Cours d'aquareUes (ib., 1879); and Schmidt. Technik der Aquarelle (Leipzig, 1890). For the English school, see ilonkhouse. The Early English Water-Color Painters (Lon- don, 1889) ; Roget, History of the Old Water- Color Society (ib., 1891) : and Redgrave, Water- Color Painting in England (ib., 1892). WATER-COLORS. Pigments mixed with ■water, with the addition of some adhesive ma- terial such as gum or size. Those prepared for artists' use are made with great care and are generally formed in dry cakes with gum, while those that are used for sign-painting or color- ing walls are simply mixed up with common glue or size. The latter are sometimes called 'distemper colors,' their application being only of a temporary character. WATERCOURSE. In law, a living stream of water usually flowing in a well-defined bed or channel into acme other body of water. It does not lose its character as a watercourse if it becomes dry in times of unusual drought, but it must have such a permanent and substantial source of supply as not to depend upon mere surface drainage in. case of rain. The source may be living springs or from natural perco- lation, but must be sufficient to supply water during the greater part of the year. For a dis- cussion of the rights of owners of land along watercourses, see Rip.rian Right.s; W.teb Rights. Consult .ugoll. On Watercourses (7th ed., Tioston. 1H77). Water-Oj-zel. See See Cress and Plate of WATER-CRAKE Ouzel. WATERCRESS. Salad Plants. WATER CURE. WATER-DEER. WATER-DOG o Spaniel. WATER-DROPWORT (O^nanthi). A ge- nus of large perennial plants of the natural order Umliellifer;p, with compound or decom- pound disagreeable! smelling leaves. The com- mon water-dropwort ((Enanthe crocata) is corn- See Hydrotherapy. See Chevrotain. r Water-Spaniel. See mon in wet places throughout Europe. The roots of the latter have some resemblance to small parsnips, but are very poisonous. The fine-leaved water-dropwort, called water-fennel by the Germans (Q)nanthe Phellandriiim), is also common in similar situations in Europe. It is characterized by a jointed rootstalk (rliizome), with tufted whorled rootlets and a strong zig- zag stem dilated at the base. It was at one time erroneously regarded as a specific against pulmonary consumption. Neither of these plants occurs in the United States unless as a rare in- troduction. WATEREE, wa'ter-e; called in its upper course the C.-vtawba. A river which rises in the Blue Ridge in North Carolina and flows south- east into South Carolina, where it unites with the Congaree to form the Santee ( ilap : South Carolina, D 2). Its length is about 300 miles, and it is navigable to the Fall Line a few miles above Camden, S. C. WATER ENGINE. See Hydraulic Pres- sure ExGi:^E. WATERFALL. The sudden passage of a stream of water from an upper level to a lower one. The steady erosive action of a current of water soon cuts a valley down through yield- ing rocks, while the more resistant rocks effect- ually resist erosion, and under others the fall rapidly breaks down and becomes a series of rapids. A remarkable series of waterfalls exists in the neighborhood of the cities that lie between Trenton, N. J., and Augusta, Ga. Along this line the more resistant rocks of the older strata come to the surface; the weaker rocks lie to the east of this region, which is often called the Fall Line. On the other hand, in the case of mountain torrents, where the rocks are very hard, the quantity of water small, and the erosive ac- tion quite weak, beautiful and artistic waterfalls and cascades are numerous. The highest water- falls are mountain cataracts; thus the waters of the Yosemite, California, fall 2660 feet in three leaps. The Oroco Falls of ilonte Rosa are 2400 feet hi.ch ; the Grand Falls of Labrador 2000 feet ; the Gavarnie, in the Pyrenees, 1400 feet; and the Staubbach, Switzerland, 1000 feet. The falls that are famous for the inuuense quantity of water passing over, rather than the extreme lu'iglit, are the Falls of Niagara, from 150 to 164 feet, and .the Victoria Falls of the Zambezi, 400 feet. WATER-FLEA (so called because skipping like a Ilea tlirough the water),. pliyllopod crus- tacean, especially of the genus Dajihne, whose minute species are common in fresh water. See Phyllopoda, WATERFORD, wn'ter-ferd, A maritime county of the Province of Munster, Ireland, bounded by Saint George's Channel and the counties of Wexford, Kilkenny, Tipperary, and Cork (Map: Ireland, D 4), Area, 717 square miles. The surface is gcnerallv mountainous, and there are large marshy districts. About one-half of the area is pasture land, and but a small area is under tillage. Population, in 1901, 87,187, County town, Waterford. Historically Waterford has been one of the chief strongholds of the English in Ireland. WATERFORD, The capital of Waterford County, Ireland, on the Suir, 12 miles from the