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* "WAKDEN. 292 WARDLE. look). In England, an officer appointed for the naval or military protection of some particular district of country. In order to keep the districts of England adjoining Scotland and Wales in an attitude of defense, great officers, called lords wardens of the marches, vere appointed, to whom the duty of protecting the frontier was commit- ted. The custodian of Dover Castle was created by William the Conqueror Warden of the Cinque Ports (q.v.) and guardian of the adjacent coast, an office originally comprising extensive jurisdic- tion, civil, naval." and military, the greater part of which was taken away by act of Parliament in 1855. WARDEN, CiiURcn. An official of the parishes of the Anglican communion. In the Church of England the church wardens are a corporation intrusted with the care and arrange- ment of the goods belonging to the church of the parish. As a general rule all parishioners except aliens, Jews, minors, lunatics, and felons are eligible to election. As a rule, two are elect- ed in each parish: one usually is selected by the incumbent and one elected by the parishioners. Their principal duties are to see to the making of church rates, the levying of voluntary contri- butions for church purposes, to arrange for the seating of the congregation, to enforce orderly behavior in churcli and churchyard during ser- vice, to take care of the benefice during a vacancy, and to make presentments to the Bisliop of the diocese in the event of the misconduct of the clergy. The wardens of parishes of the Epis- copal Church of the United States, two in num- ber, are elected by the congregation at its an- nual meeting, and are ex officio members of the vestry. Their special duties are to see that all things required for the services of the church are provided, and in the absence of the rector or a vacancy in the rectorsliip that a clergj-man is seciired to conduct the .services. WAR'DEN, David Baillie (1778-1845). A Frencli-lrish author, born in County Do%Ti. Ire- land. He studied theology at Bangor, but after taking part in the attempted insurrection of the Orangemen in 1796-98 emigrated to America, where he studied and taught. About 1805 he went to Paris as secretary of the United States Legation and afterwards became consul. He had difficulty with the home Government on two or three occasions, and was definitely replaced in 1814, but continued to live in Paris. He was an ardent antiquary'. His chief publications are: A iStati.itical, Political, and Historical Account of the United States of America (1819); Bib- liotheca Americana Scptrntrionalis (1820) ; I/art de verifier Ics dates, chronologie de I'Amcrique (1826-44) ; BihliotMqiic amcricaine (1831) ; and liecherches sur les antiquitis de VAmiriqiic (1844). WARDHOLDING (from acard, AS. iceard, OIIIJ. u-nrlii, watcli. guard, from uartm. to watch, guard + holding). In the Scotch feudal system, military tenure of land by which a vas- sal held of a superior lord on condition of ren- dering military services when required by the latter. When such lands descended to an heir who had not attained his majority, and who therefore could not render satisfactory military services, the lord was allowed the guardiansliip t)f his person and possession of his lands during his minority. This right was sometimes waived in consideration of an annual tax. The lord of such vassal was also entitled to the payment of a sum of money upon the marriage of the latter. The vassal could not alienate his fee without the consent of the lord, and the estate was forfeited if he attempted to do so. This form of tenure was abolished in 1747 by statute. WARDIAN CASE. A nearly airtight glass case in which plants are either grown for orna- ment or are transported upon long sea voyages. Since they protect the plants from salt spray and injurious gases, prevent the undue escape of moisture, and permit sufficient light to enter them, and since they demand less attention than any other method of transporting living plants on such journej-s. the}' are highly valued. It was found impossible to sliip cinchona seedlings from South America to India until these cases were used. N. B. Ward (q.v.) invented them about the year 1836. WARD'LAW, Elizabeth, Lady (1077-1727). A Scotch poet, born at Pitfirrane, Fifeshire. and married (1096) to Sir Henry Wardlaw, of Pit- cruivie. There was published in 1719 a ballad entitled "Hardyknute." which had been previously circulated by her as the copy of an ancient manu- script found in a vault at Dunfermline. The authorship of this work has never been satis- factorily settled, but as no one ever saw the original manuscript and certain of Lady Ward- law's friends stated positively that it was of her own composition, it seems probable that such was the case. Even though a forgery, "Hardy- knute" is a remarkably fine imitation of the genuine ballads. '"Sir Patrick Spens" has also been ascribed to Lady W'ardlaw's pen, but this is untenable, though it is possible that she amended a copy of it as well as certain other ballads, such as "Gilderoy." Consult Child, English and Scottish Popular Ballads (Boston, 1882-90). WARDLAW, E.I.PH (1779-18,53). A Scotch Congregational minister. He was born at Dal- keitli. in IMidlothian. and began his studies in the theological school of the Associate Secession Church. Before he had completed liis curriculum, however, he became convinced that congregational independency was the Scriptural system of cliurch government. In 1800 he began to preach, and after some time settled in Glasgow as pastor of an independent chiirch. In 1811 he was appointed professor of theologv' to the Congregational body in Scotland, and held the position, with his pas- torate, till his death. Wardlaw was a volumi- nous author, often involved in theological con- troversy, and a luominent actor in the public religious and pliilanthropical movements of the day. The most important of his works are: Essays on Assm-ancc of Faith, and on the Ex- tent of the Atonement and Unirersal Pardon (18.30) ; Discourses on the Sahhath (1832); Christian Ethics (1833); Di.^conr.^es on the yature and Extent of the Atonement of Christ (1843); Congreqational Indepcndencti (1847); Lectures on Si/.itcmatir Theolofli/ (1850). Con- sult the Life and CorreKiiondenee of I'alph ^'ard■ lair, by Alexaniler ( Edinburgii. 1850). WARDLE, Mr. An open-handed, open- hearled old widower of the English lower mid- dle class, with a wholesome love of good living