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* WARD. 291 WARDEN. In 1040 Ward lift the colony for England, and wa.s made minister of the eliiirdi at Slionlield (1048). He held that ollieo till liis death, pub- lishing several rcligio-political pamjddets. For a good aecimnt of liis fantastic hook, which is full of extravagant satire, see Tyler's Uislory of Aiiici'tcuii lAlcnilure, vol. i. WARD, N.TH..NiEL Br.vosh.wv (1701-1808). An English liotanist, son of Steplien Smith Ward, born in London. The jirineipU' of 'the Wardian case' was suggested to him by noticing some seeds whieh had sprouted in a l)ottle. By means of these sealed cases phnits were sent from one part of the world through extremes of tempera- ture without being injured. Roltert Fortune sent seventy thousand tea plants from Shanghai to the Himalayas, sudieieutly proving the utility of the cases. He published On the drowth of I'lanls in Closely Glazed Cases (1842). WARD. KoiiEisT Plumek (170.5-1840). An English pulitician, jurist, and novelist, born in Mayfair, Lonilon, and educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church, Oxfcu'd. From 1785 to 1790 he studied at the Inner Temple and at thirty had made a name by his Inquiry into the Foundation and History of Ihr Laa:t of Nations in Eiiro/x: (170.'j). He was elected to a seat in the Commons in 1802, became Under-Secre- tary in the Foreign Office in 1805, held a ])lace in the Admiralty Board, and from 1811 to 1823 was clerk of the Ordnance Department. He held many other important posts, sitting in Parlia- ment again from 1807 to 1823 and keeping for many years a political diary, the value of which arises from his close relations to Perceval. His literary reijutation was due no less to his law books than to his novels, and Canning, who was supposed to be the hero of De Vcre, said that, if the law books were as interesting as novels, the novels were dull as law books. Among Ward's works of fiction, Trcmaine ; or the Man of Re- finement (anonymous, 1825) and De Vere; or the Man of Independence ( 1827) were long popu- lar for brilliant style, good character analysis, and serious purpose. He also wrote A Treatise of the Relative Riyhts and Duties of Belliger- ents and Neutral Poirers (1801) and An Bistori- cal Essay on the Real Character and. Amount of the Precedent of the Revolution of lliSS (1838). Consult Phipps, Mcuwirs of the Polilieal and Literary Life of Robert Pluiner Ward. Esq., with selections from the diary (London, 1850), WARD, WiLFMD Philip (1850—). An Eng- lish essayist and biographer, born at Old Hall, Ware, a son of William George Ward (q.v. ). He was educated at Saint Edmund's College, Ware, Ushaw College, Durham, and the Gregorian Uni- versity in Rome. Aside from his work as an au- thor he was lecturer in philosophy at ITshaw College in 1890. examiner in the Royal Univer- sity of Ireland in 18ni-!)2, and in 1001 was made a member of the Royal Commission of Irish Uni- versity Education. He ]iublished Williani Georye Ward and the Oxford Movrmrnt (1889), William Georqe Ward and the Catholic Revival (1893), Witnesses to the Vnseen (1894), and The Life and Times of Cardinal Wiseman (1897). WARD, William GEOBtiE (1S12-82). An English philosojiher and Roman Catholic theolo- gian, born in London, the son of William Ward, financier. He studied at Winchester College (1823-29), at Christ Church, Oxford (18.30-33), and then at Lincoln College. He showed marked ability in mathematics and became famed as a debater in the Union Clid>. His theological views were ill-ilefiucd until lie made the personal ac- ipiaintance of Newman, against whom he had previously been prejudiced, but who now by the single argument that the Catholic Church of the third or fourth century could never have de- veloped from anything resembling modern Pro- testantism made him an ardent Traetarian and a liitter assailant of .Anglican Protestantism. He became a <leaeon in 1838, a priest in 1840, editor of the Traetarian organ, the lirilish Critic, in 1839, and, after 1841, when he openly defended Xewman's Tract xc. and was deprived of his Icctureshi]) at Balliol, an open advocate of union with Rome. His position was definitely stated in 1844 in The Ideal of a Christian Church Con- xidercd in Comparison n-ith Existing Practice. The book was censured by the Convocation of Ox- ford, and Ward was deprived of his degrees. This was ill February, 1845, and in Se|)teml)er Of the same year he joined the Roman Catholic com- munion. He settled at Saint Edmund's College, Ware, became professor of moral jihilosophy there in 1852, and held this chair until 1858. lie was made Ph.D. by the Pope in 1854. In 1801 he returned to Saint Edmund's. In the preceding year he had published On Nature and Grace, an able attack on agnosticism. He was edit_pr of the Dublin Rcvieiv in 1803-78. and as a leader of Ultramontanists and Infallibilists went to such startling lengths as to suggest that, were scien- tific hypotheses first submitted to the infallible Pope, science must surely and speedily advance. His breadth of vision and sympathy is indicated by his place as a fovinder of the Jletaphysical Society (1869), and a fellow member in it of Huxley, of Martiiieau, and of Tennyson ; and by his friendship with Archbishop Tait, his antago- nist even in university days, with Newman and Manning, in spite of the diflTerence between his mental mold and theirs, and with .lohn Stuart Mill, though their views were so divergent. His son, Wilfrid Pliilip Ward, wrote William George Ward and the Oxford Movement (London, 1889) and William George Ward and the Catholic Re- rival (ib., 1893). See Oxfobd Movement. WARD, WiLLi.Mi H.WEs (1835 — ). An American editor and Orientalist, born at Abing- ton, Mass. He graduated at Amherst College in 1850, and at Andover Theological Seminarj' in 1859, and supplied two churches in Kansas. He was teacher of natural science in Beloit College in 1857-58. and in Utica Free Academy in 1862. He became professor of Latin in Ripon College, Wis., in 1805. He joined the editorial staff of the New York Independent in 1868, becoming superintending editor in 1870. He gave special attention to Oriental studies, and when the Wolfe exjiedition to Babylonia went from .America he accompanied it as the director. He contributed to the various biblical and Oriental journals, especially on Assyrian and Babylonian seals, and was one of the pioneers in Hittite research. WARDEN (OF. guardain. gardain, gardein, Fr. gardicn, from garde, warde, guard, from gar- der, guardcr, uardcr, to guard, from OHG, vnrtcn. Ger. warten, AS, iicardian. Eng. trard ; connected ultimately with Gk. ipav, haran, to