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* WARD. 290 WARD. hibiting his first picture in 1700, and four years afterwards was appointed painter and mezzotint engraver to the Prince of 'ales. Ward's early paintings were principally genre pictures in the manner of his brother-in-law, George Jlorland, but he won high distinction in animal subjects, by the exhibition of his •■Bull-Baiting" (1797) and the "Lioness" (1816). His paintings are treated in an original and vigorous style, and show a strong but peculiar feeling for color. Among the principal are the ''Alderney Bull, Cow, and Calf," painted in rivalry with Paul Potter's "Bull," and a "Cattle Piece" (1807), in the National Gallery; the "Fighting Bulls" and "Donkey and Pigs," in South Ken- sington JIuseum. A very characteristic paint- ing is his portrait of himself, painted when he was seventy-nine, years old (National Portrait Gallery). "Among the best of Ward's plates are the "Centurion Cornelius," after Rem- brandt; "Daniel in the Lion's Den," after Rubens; and "Mrs. Bellington." after Reynolds. Ward was elected an Academician in 1811. Con- sult his Aittobior/raphy (London, 1853). WARD, James (1843—). An English phi- losoplier, born at Hull. He was educated at Liverpool Institute, but left scliool earl_v and was articled to a firm of architects. Afterwards he studied at Spring Hill College and at the uni- versities of Berlin and Gi-ittingen, and upon his return from abroad entered the C'ongrej:ational ministry. For a year he preached at Emmanuel Church, Cambridge, but then changed liis re- ligious belief and entered the University of Cam- bridge, where he was made scholar of Trinitv Col- lege in 1872 and fellow in 1875. In 1895-97 he was Gifl'ord lecturer at the University of Aber- deen, and in 1897 was appointed professor of mental phiiosopliy at Cambridge. His writings include a large niimt)er of contributions to pliil- osophical periodicals, Psychology (1885), and Xaturalism and Agnosticism (1889). WARD, .ToiiN QrixcY Adams (1830—). One of tile principal American sculptors of the nine- teenth century. He was born at Urbana, Cham- paign County, Ohio, and began the study of law, but in 1850 took up sculpture under H. K. Brown of Brooklyn, with wliom lie worked for seven years, assisting in many important works, chief among which was the equestrian statue of Wash- ington in Union Square, New York. In 1857-59 he resided in Washington, D. C, where he exe- cuted the busts of Alexander Stepliens, Josliua R. Giddings, John P. Hale, Hannibal Hamlin, and others, and in 18G1 he opened a studio in New York City. For the purpose of studying the American Indians, he visited the Western frontier in 18fi3, and the following year completed his "Indian Hunter," the first statue erected in Cen- tral Park, lie is also well represented in Central Park by his bronze statues of the "Freedman," the "Private of the Seventh Regiment" (18(18), the "Pilgrim" and "Shakespeare" (1870-71). Among his memorial statues are the colossal George Washington on the steps of the Treasury Building, New York, General Thomas in Wash- ington, Israel Putnam, Hartford, Conn,, and the Bcecher monument, City Hall, Brooklyn. He also executed the "Crowning Group of 'ictory" for the Naval .Xrch, erected in New York City for Dewey's reception. urd was one of the founders of the National Sculpture Society (1893) and was made its president upon its incorporation. He also took prominent part in the affairs of the National Academy of Design, of which he was president in 1874. WARD, Lester Frank (1841—). An Ameri- can geologist and paleontologist, well known as a sociologist and philosopiiieal writer. He was born at Joliet, III., and obtained his early education in that State. After serving in the Federal Army during the Civil War he was gradxiated from the Columbian Uni- versity, Washington, D. C, in 1809, and two years later from the Law School of the same uni- versity. After seven years of work in the L^nited States Treasury Department he be- came an assistant geologist under the United States Geological Survey, and after 1888 was a paleontologist of the Survey. Already for many j-ears Ward had been deeply interested in the broader aspects of evolution, and especially in the problems of social evolution. Accepting in its broader outlines the philosophy of Spencer, he modified it in certain particulars as a formu- lation of physical phenomena, and radically in its application to society. In 1883 he published a large work in two volumes, entitled Dynamic •Sociology, in which he outlined a complete sys- tem of cosmic philosophy. As a contribution to sociology it was recognized as a powerful and original work. The psychological character of all social phenomena was again insisted upon and more fully expounded in The Psychic Fac- iors of Civili::(ition (1803). Certain views were further developed in the Outlines of Socioloqy I 1808), and in Pure Sociology (1903). In 1903 he was president of the Institut Internationale de Sociologie of Paris. Among his more impor- tant contributions to geology and paleontology are: The Flora of Wiishington (1881) ; /Sketch of Paleontological liotimy (1885) : Synopsis of the Flora of the Laramie Croup (1886) : Types of the Laramie Flora (1887) ; and (leographical Distri- bution of Fossil Plants (1889). WARD, Nathaniel (1578-1652). An Amer- ican colonial clergyman and pamphleteer, bom in llaverliill, England, liest known as the author of the Simple Cobbler of Agawam, published under the pseudonym of Theodore de la Guard. He graduated at Cambridge, England, in 1603, and studied for the law, but, after practice in England and travel on the Continent, he studied theology and in 1618 became chaplain to English merchants at Elbing, Prussia. Returning ta England, he lectured in London, and in 1628 was appointed rector of Stoiidon Slasse.v, Essex. Here liis pronounced Piritanism caused him to be sunimoued before .rchbishop Laud, but he escaped excommunication. He was, however, deprived of his living in 1633. went to New England in 1634, and served as collea^nie to Rev. Thomas Parker at Ipswich, till ill health obliged him to surrender the charge (1636). At Ipswich lie took a leading part in the compilation of the first code of laws. The lioily of Liberties (1641). His notorious book. The Simple Cobbler, begun in 1645, printed in January, 1647, and speedily fiillowed by three other eclitinns, with important additions and changes (reeditcd 1718 and 1S43), was a pariis.'ui |iaiiiplilet and one of the most interesting productions of the Colonial period.