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* WARD. 289 WARD. •was buried at Sungkiang, where a shrine was cri'i'tcd to Ills memory in 1875. WARD, Genevieve, Countess de Guerbel (1838 — ). A singer and actress. She was born in New York, but from childhood lived much abroad, studying nnisic hotli in New York and in Italy. After her romantic and unha|>]iy mar- riage to the Russian ollicer fount Constantine de tiuerbcl (18.54), she made licr debut as an opera singer at Milan in lS5(i under the name of Ma- dame Guerrab(dla. She nu't with great success both on the Continent and in Kngland. Soon after she eame to America in 18(12, she lost her voice through illness, and for a time gained a livelihood by teaching singing while she studied for the theatre. Her appearance as Lady Mac- beth, at Manchester, England, in 1873, proved the beginning of her fame in many tragic roles, among them Luerezia Borgia, Queen Katharine, and especially Stephanie, in For(/(:l-Me-Not. She first appeared on the American stage in 1878. In 1893 slie was Queen Eleanor in the production of Bechct by Irving at the Lyceum, and she con- tinued with him till 18U7, afterwards residing in England. Consult : Wickoflf, Memoir of (linevra Guerrabella (New Y'ork, 1803) ; Gustafson, Genevieve Ward (Boston, 1882). WARD, Henry Augustus (1834 — ). Au American naturalist, born at Rochester, N. Y. He attended Williams College and the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard, and at the latter institution was a pupil and also assistant of Louis Agassiz. He traveled in Egj-pt, Arabia, and Palestine; studied for several .years at the Jardin des Plantes, the Sorljonne, and the School of Mines in Paris, and at the universities of Munich and Freiburg; and afterwards traveled in West Africa and the West Indies, nutking natural history collections. After his return to the United States in 18(50 he was professor of natural science at Rochester University until 1865; and in 1871 was naturalist to the llnited States Commission to Santo Domingo. He then de- voted himself entirely to the work 'of making natural history collections, and founded at Hoehester, N. Y., Ward's Natural .Science Estab- ishment, which collected s])ecimens from all parts ■of the world, and then sold them to colleges and museums. He published: Notices of lite Mega- therium Ciivieri (1863). and Description of the Most Celebrated Fossil Animals in the Royal Museums of Europe (1866). WARD. H. Marshall (1854—). An English botanist, educated at (Dwens College, Manchester, and at Christ's College, Cambridge. From 1880 to 1882 he was cryptogamic liotanist to the Cey- lon Government. He was professor of botany in the Forest School, Cooper's Hill, from 1885 to 1S95, when he became professor at the University of Cambridge. His works include: Timber and Some of Its Diseases; The Oak: .S'oc/i.s'.s Lectures on the Physiology of Plants: Diseases of Plants: and Grasses. WARD. Mrs. Humphry, maiden name IMart Augusta .rnold (1851 — ). .An Englisli novel- ist, granddaughter of Dr. Thomas Arnidd (q.v.), the famous head master of Rugby, and a niece of Matthew Arnold (q.v.). the jioet and critic. She was born at Hobart. in Tasmania. -lune II. 1851. Her father, becominc a Roman Catholic, returned to England with his family in 1850, and subsequently held appointments in the Ro man Catholic University at Uublin and in the Oratory School at Birmingham, and in 1885 took up his residence at (J.xford, where he remained for several year.-j. These details of family history are of interest as showing whence the novelist de- rived her intense moral nature and the conse- quent passion for ethical jiroblcms. She attend- ed schools in the Lake district and at Clifton, and began her literary career in the atmo>pheri> of Oxford under the inspiration of her fathi^r ;ind the society that surrounded his home. On April 0, 1872, she married Thomas llumpliry Ward, then a fellow and tutor of lirasenose College. In 1880 they left Oxford and settled in London. Mrs. Ward contributed four biograpliical intro- ductions to the first volume of her husband's well- known English Poets (1880-81), many articles to Smith's Dictionary of Christian Uiography (1877-87), and wrote reviews for Maemillan's Magazine. In 1885 she published a translation of Amiel's Journal, a task for which she was spiritually adapted. Her first experiments in fiction were Milly and Olli/ (1881), a child's story, and .1/i.ss lirethcrton (1886), the heroine of which bears s(nne re- semblance to ilary Anderson, the pojjular actress of the time. Mrs. Ward found her ]iul]li» i.n the publication of I'obert Elsnicre (1888), undoubt- edly the best problem-novel that had ever ap- peared in English. It was reviewed by (Jladstone in The Xincteotth Century for May, 18S8. and an enormous sale followed in England and in the LTnited States. The aim of the novel, as suc- cinctly stated by Gladstone, was "to expel the preternatural clement from Christianity, to de- stroy its dogmatic structure, j'et to keep intact the moral and spiritual results." Subsequently Mrs. Ward took up otlier phases of contemporary tliought in religion and ])oIities with [jcrhaps a firmer grasp upon her themes, but did not sur- pass the brilliancy of this effort. A eonunou criticism of her work is that the purpose of it all stands out too prominently. In this respect Mrs, Ward dift'ers greatly from George Eliot, with whom she has often been compared by her enthusiastic admirers. Mrs. Ward's characters are invariably clearly drawn, and her technique slie studied carefully. Her novels after Robert Elsmere comprise The History of David Grieve (1892) ; Mareclla (1894) ; The Story of Bessie Costrell (1895): Sir George Tressady (1896); Helbeck of Bannisdole (1898) ; Eleanor (1900) ; and Lady Rose's Daughter (1902). Her mis- cellaneous literary work includes contributions to English periodicals, and editions, with intro- <luetions, of the novels of the Bronte sisters ( Ha- worth ed., 1899-1900). In harmony with the scheme set forth in Robert Elsmere. Mrs. Ward took an active part in founding University Ilall (1890), a settlement among the jioor of London. A lecture delivered at Essex Hall in 1894 was published under the title Unitarianism and the Futnre. WARD, .LvMES (1769-1859). An English animal and genre painter and engraver, born in London. He studied engraving under .T. R. Smith, after which he was apprenticed for nine years to his brother. William .Tame* Ward, a niez- zo-tint engraver. He also studied paintin,2. ex-