Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/329

* WALSH. 273 WALTER. WALSH, WiLLi.M .T. (1S41 — ). An lri>h Rniiinii (alliiilif pic>la(p. Ho was i)orn in Dub- lin, and ediicatod at ilaynontli r'f>Ilefrc. wliprc he became professor of dogmatic and moral theolofrv' in 1867. He was made vice-president in 1S78, and in 1881, on tbe death of Dr. Kns- sell, was unanimously chosen president by the Irisli bishops, lie was consecrated .rchl)isho]i of Dublin in 188.5, and since then has been a mem- ber nf many important Government conunisNJnns. besides havini> had great influence in the framing of the Irish Land Act of 1881, of which he pub- lished a Plnin Flxposilinn in the same year. His other works include a Enrmony of the Gospel yrirrntirea nf the Prission (188.5). and liiniel- rtJJisiii iind Mononietnllisni (1803). WALSH. ViLi.iAM Pakeniiam (1820—). An Irish prelate, born at Mote Park. Roscommon County, Ireland. He graduated at Trinity Col- lege. Dublin : became a canon of that institution in 187-2; and from 1878 till l.SilT was Bishop of Os- sory, Ferns, and Leiglilin. Among his published works are: Tlie Moahite iStoiie ( 1874) ; Heroes of the Mission Field (1879, 2d ed. 1880): Modern Heroes of the Mission Field (1880, ;?d ed. 1888) ; and Eehocs of Bible History (1886). WALSINGHAM, w61'slng-«ni. Sir Francis (c. 1530-90). An English statesman. He was born either in London or in Kent, about the year 1530. He studied at King's College, C'andjridge, but ajipears not to have graduated. He was a zealous Protestant and lived abroad during the five yeavs of Mary's reign, acquiring a knowledge of foreign laiiguages and politics which was of the utmost value to him in his conduct of Eng- land's foreign afl'airs under Elizabeth. Burleigh sent him on a difficult mission to France in August, 1570, He remained in Paris until April, 1573, and acquitted himself so well that he was made one of the principal secretaries of State, a member of the Prix^- Council, and knighted. Next after Burleigh he was Elizabeth's most important Minister, but he oecu])ied liimself principally with foreign afi'airs. The keynote of his polic.y was hostility to Spain. He accordingly laliored incessantly for intervention in the Netherlands and the suppression of Catholic plots which Spain encouraged in England. His administra- tion was founded upon a most complete system of bribery, espionage, and deception. Though Eliza- beth recognized his abilities and disinterested- ness, she seldom followed his advice, and it was with the greatest difficult' that she brought her- self even to a half-hearted adoption of his policy. In 1578 Walsingham was sent to the Nether- lands with the unwelcome task of trying to pacify the country by diplomacy: in 1581 he was sent to France and in 1583 to Scotland. In 1585 he brought Elizabeth to a momentary sup- port of the Dutch, bit the results did not meet his expectations. In 1586 he unearthed the Babington plot, the object of which was the mur- der of Queen Elizabetli, and Walsingham pro- duced letters in Mary's cipher, which, if genuine, proved beyond a doubt Mary's complicity in the conspiracy. (See BABI^'r,TO^'. Antoty.) Wal- singham was one of the commissioners by whom Mary was tried and condemned, and he was one of the most active in bringing Elizabeth to the point of signing the death-warrant. In 1587 and 1588 Walsingham's secret service kejit him com- jiletely informed of the plans and progress of the great Armada (q.v. ), but, as usual, he was unsuc- cessful in persuading the Queen to take proper measures to meet the emergency. During Walsingham's last years he was greatly em- barrassed by debt, due in part to expenditures in the service of the State, but Elizabeth gave him no relief. He died Ajiril 0, 1590, and was buried privately at night in Saint Paul's Church. Digges's t'linvplvdU- Ambassador (London, I(j55) contains VN'alsingham's dispatches during his first mission to France. The Camden Society has published «S'ir Francis Walsingham's Journal from December, 1570, to April, 1583 (London, 1870). Consult: Thomas Wright, Queen Fliza- heth and Her Times, a fieries of Original Letters (ib., 1838) ; C(K)per, Alhenw Cantabrigienses (Cambridge, 18.58-61); Hume, The Great Lord Iturlcigh (London, 1898). WALSINGHAM, Thomas (?-c.1422). An English monk ;in(l historian, supposed to have been born in Norfolk. He was connected with the .Abbey of Saint Albans as precentor and scrijitorarius, and in 1304 he became prior of Wynuuidham. He is thought to have composed: Chronieim Anglice, covering the period from 1328 till 1388 ("Rolls Series" for 1874); fiesta Abbatum, history of the abbots of Saint Al- bans ("Rolls Series" for 1867-69, in 2 vols.) ; The Saint Albans Manuscript, covering the years 1272-1393; flisloria Anr/lieana, coi'ring the vears 1272-1422 ("Rolls Series" for 1863); TheYpo- digma Neustria, a history of the dukes of Nor- mandy ("Rolls Series," 1876); and other w^orks. Although he was a chronicler rather than an his- torian, his works form the chief source upon the reigns of Richard 11., Henry IV., and Henry v., including the career of Wyclif and the in- surrection of Wat Tyler. WALTER, wal'ter, Hubert (e.I150-I205). An English statesman and ecclesiastic. In 1 186 he became Dean of York, and in 1189 was one of the .justices of the Curia Regis. Richard appoint- ed Hubert Bishop of Salisbury, and he accom- l)anied the King on the Crusade and distinguished himself by his courage, astuteness, and charity. In 1193 Hubert Walter returned to England and superintended the collection of money for Rich- ard's ransom. At the same time he 'was chosen Archbishop of Canterbury, and wlien at the end of this year King Richard returned from his Ger- man prison, he appointed Hubert justiciar of the realm, and left him virtual ruler of England. But the Cathedral Chapter objected to the em- ployment of the Archbishop in the royal service, and in 11.98 Innocent, III. compelled him to re- sign by forbidding priests to hold secular offices. Nevertheless Hubert still continued to exert considerable inlluence. and acted as a restraint on .Tohn, which was sadly missed after his death. Consult Stubbs, Constitutional History of Eng- land, vol, i. (6t'h ed., Oxford, 1897), WALTER, .Toiix (1730-1812). An English coal merchant, underwriter, and printer, the founder of the London Times. He was born in London, the son of a coal merchant, to whose, business he succeeded in 1755. He was very successful and established the coal exchange. In 1781, however, he retired from the coal busi- ness in order to take up the vocation of an under- writer. While at first successful, the events of