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* WALDECK. 253 WALDEWSES. the Confederation of the Rhino in 1807 against its will. It was an ally of I'nissia in the war of 1860 and became a member of the Nortli (iernian Confederation in 1867 and of the German I'^niijire in 1871. WALDECK, Georg Fbiedkicii, Count (later Prince) (1620-92). A German .soldier and state.sman. He was born at Arolsen. and was the second son of Wolrad IV. of the Wildungen line. It was his amliilion to form a leafrue of Protestant countries about linindenburj.', and in 1656 he was active in brinf>in<;' al)0ut the League of Maricnbiirg with Sweden against Poland. In 1664, as a field-marshal, he dis- tinguished himself at Saint Ciotthard against the Turks; in 1682 for services against the French he received the title of Prince; and in 1683 he helped to drive the Turkish army from before Vienna. In 1689 he was put in command of the allied forces in the Netherlands. In the same year he gained a success at Walconrt over the French under Marshal d'Humi&res. but in 1690 he was badly defeated by ilarshal Luxembourg at Fleurus. For his life, consult Kauchbar (Arolsen, 1867-72) and Erdmannsdiirfer (Berlin, 1869). WALDECK-ROUSSEAU, val'dek' rw'so', Pierre M.vrik Ernest (1846-1904). A French statesman, born at Nantes. He studied law; in 1879 was elected Deputy for Rennes ; and was Minister of the Interior in Gambetta's grand miiiistere of 1881, and in the Cabinet of -Jules Ferry of 1883-85. In 1894 he was elected to the Senate for the Department of the Loire, and in the following Januarv he was supported by the Right for the Presidency of France against MM. Faiire and Brisson. In the confused politics of the years that followed he was regarded as a leader of the Moderate Republicans. After the fall of the Dupuy Cabinet in June, 1899. he formed a new Ministry. His Cabinet contained men of wide divergence of opinion, as is evinced by the fact that at one extreme was M. Millerand. the socialist leader, and at the other was Cieneral de Gall if et, notable for his severity in suppressing the Commune of 1871. All, however, were united upon the plat- form of sustaining the Republic against the royalists and clericals. The Premier himself took the portfolio of the Interior, and set him- self vigorously to tlie work of establishing order throughovit the Republic. He permitted the Dreyfus case to be reopened, and in December, 1900, carried through a general amnesty law for all connected with the case. The most important law passed during his Premier.ship was, liowcver, the Association Bill of 1901. (See Fr. ce, Sec- tion on Religion.) Throughout his incumbency the Premier showed great ability in gaining sup- port for his measures. When the general elec- tion of 1902 came, he entered the contest with great vigor; and, thanks to his admirable per- sonality, and despite the bitterest opposition, he gained a great victory for Republican prin- ciples. Feeling his task completed, he resigned in June, 1902. with the prestige of having held ollice longer than any other Premier since the establishment of the Third Republic. His publi- cations include: Discouis paiienientaires (1889) ; Discours prononces dans la Loire (1896) ; Ques- tions sociales (1900); Associations et conyriya- iiona (1901); and La defense ripuhlicaine (1902). Consult J. Krnest-Charles, Waldeck- Hounmitu (I'aris, 1902). WALDEN, wiil'dcn, or WALDENSIS. wol- den'sis (e.l.'i77-1430). An English ecclesiastic, born at Sall'ron VValden, Essex. His family name was Netter, Init from the place of his birth he was often called Walden, or Waldensis He entered the Carmelite Order at London; studied at Ox- ford; and WMs ordained an acolyte in 1394, and a sub-deacon in 1395. In 1409 he attended the Council of I'isa, and on his return cnteied with energy into the persecution of the W'yclifites. Afterwards he became eonfes.sor to Henry V. and after his death to young Henry VI. He is thought to have instituted the Order of Carmelite nuns in England, and for this and numerous other ser- vices to his Order he is regarded as one of its saints, though never formally canonized. He was a man of great learning; and among his written works are: Uuvlrinale Fidei Eeelesiw- f'tilholiew eontra Wiclei-istas et Hussitas and Fri.ieiculi Ziziinioniiii ./nhannis Wgclif, a col- lection of documents and other materials, which form an imjjortant contempcu'ary source upon the history of the Lollards. Some doubt has, how- ever, been thrown upon his having made this col- lection. The first two f)f the seven parts of the collection were edited by Dr. Shirley for the "Rolls Series" (1858). WALDEN, wfd'den, .Tonx Morg. (1831—). A Methodist Episcopal bishop. He was born at Lebanon, Ohio, and graduated at Farmers' Col- lege near Cincinnati, in 1852. He began his career as a journalist, first in Illinois and then in Kansas: was a member of the Kansas Legis- lature (1857), and of the Leavenworth Consti- tutional Convention (1858). He entered the Cincinnati Conference in 1858; was corresponding secretary of the Freedmen's Aid Commission (1862-66) ; corresjionding secretary of the Freed- man's Aid Society of his Church '( 1866-68) ; and one of the publishing agents of the Methodist Book Concern, at Cincinnati, Ohio (1868-84). He was elected bishop in 1884. He was a member of the Ecumenical Methodist Conference held in London (1881); and again of the one held in Washington (1891). WALDEN; OR LIFE IN THE WOODS. A descriptive work by Henry David Thoreau ( 1854), an account of the author's life and thoughts dur- ing a solitary residence (JIarch, 1845-May, 1847) in a cottage on the shores of Walden Pond, Concord, Mass. WALDENBTJRG, liil'den-boorK. A town of Silesia, Prussia, 42 miles southwest of Breslau (Map: Germany, G 3). It has porcelain, pot- terv, and glass works, and coal mines. Popula- tion, in 1895, 13,989. WALDENSES, wol-den'sez. The name given to the followers of Peter Waldo and their suc- cessors in modern times. Waldo, or more prop- erly Valdez or 'aldesius. was a wealthy merchant of Lyons, France, in the latter half of the twelfth century. iMoved by the death of a friend in 1170, ho determined to lead a life of poverty and to de- vote himself to the cause of religion. As he wished to read the Scriptures, he employed two ecclesias- tics to translate portions of the Bible and some special passages from the Fathers into the ver-