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* vos. 225 VOSS. Princeton Theological Seminary. His works in- cliule: The Mo.vtic Oriyin of the I'cntriliuchal Codes (188(j); Die Kmiipfc und Slreilirikcilen xwischen den, Hanu, llmajja und den lUina Iliis- chim von Tukijj addin al-Makrizijj (1888) ; The Doet lines of the Covenant in Reformed Theology (18i)l). VOS, Maerten de, the Elder (1532-1603). A ricniish painter, horn in Antwerp. He was the son of Pieter de Vos, under whom and I)e Vriendt he studied. He was also a pupil of Tintoretto in Venice. In 1558 he opened a school in Antwerp which became highly successful. He was elected Dean of the Guild in 1571. His numerous paint- ings and drawings were popularized by more than GOO engravings. Mention may be made of "The Temptation of Saint Anthony" (15!J-4; Antwerp Museum), and "The Marriage at t^'ana" (Cathedral), in Antwerp; and of "Samson and Delilah" (Madrid). His son, Maerten (1576- 1613), is known to have become a member of the Guild in 1607. VOSE, George Leonard (1831 — ). A civil engineer and author, born in Augusta, Maine, and educated there, at Salem, Mass., and at the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard. He was professor of civil engineering at Bowdoin College from 1872 to 1881, and at the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technologv from 1881 to 1886. His works include: Handbook of Railroud Construc- tion (1857); Orographic Oeologii, or the Origin and Slruelure of Mountains (1866) ; and Bridge Disasters in America; the Cause and the Remedy (1S87). VOSGES, vuzh. A northeastern department of France, bordering on Alsace, and forming part of the former Province of Lorraine (Map: France, N 3). Area, 2303 square miles. The eastern part belongs to the west slope of the Vosges Moun- tains, and rises to a height of over 4000 feet. The Moselle rises in this department, and the Meuse crosses its western end. The greater part of the improved land is pasture, and dairying is more important than tillage. The chief crops are oats and potatoes. The most important manufactuiTs are of textiles. Population, in 1800. 421.412: in 1001, 421.104. Capital, Epinal. VOSGES MOTJNTAINS (Ger. Vogesen, Fr. Les Vosi/cs). A mountain range on the south- western frontier of Germany. It rises from the Belfort dci)ression ( Trou de Be! fort), which sepa- rates it from the Jura Mountains, and extends in a north-northeast direction on the west side of the Rhine Valley, parallel with the Schwarz- wald (Map: Germany, B 4). In the southern portion the main ridge forms the boundary be- tween France and Alsace, but the northern por- tion is wholly within German territory, partly within Alsace, partly on the boundary of Lor- raine, while a northern continuation Icnown as the Hardt Mountains extends through the Rhine Palatinate into Hesse. North of the Rhine- Marne f'anal the elevations are generally less than 2000 feet, the southern portion being much the higlier and the more rugged. The western or French slope falls somewhat gradually toward the plateau of Lorraine, but the eastern slope falls very abruptly into the Rhine Valley, while the sides of the many transverse branch valleys of the latter are especially steep, and the spurs -separating them are in some places higher than the main ridge. Indeed, the highest point in the whole range, the Sulzer Belchen, with an altitude of 4068 feet, is in oni; of these eastern spurs. Other high points are the Honeck, 4472 feet; the Kleinkopf, 4373 feet: and the Kheinkopf, 4327 feet. The range is comjiosed mainly of crystal- line schists and Paleozoic sedimentarv rocks, chielly Ucvonian and (Jarboniferous ; mining has long been abandoned. The climate is rather mild, though snow remains for six months on the high- est sununits. Large forests in which wolves and wild boars are found still exist on the moun- tains, but the valleys are very populous and con- tain many imjwrtant industiial centres. VOSS, fos (Lat. Vossius). Gerhard Johannes (1577-164!)). A Dutch classical scholar and author, born near Heidelberg, and educated at Dordrecht and Leyden. In 1600 he was called to be rector of the school at Dordrecht, and (ifleen years later was made director of the theological school at Leyden. In four years, however, the opposition aroused by his work, Hislorice Pcla- gianw Lihri IV. (1618), cost him his place: but in 1622 he was appointed professor of oratorv, an ollice he held for eleven years until he was called from Leyden to be professor of history at the Athenaeum in Amsterdam. There he re- mained until his death. In 1624 he had declined a call to Cambridge, England, but in. 1620 he ac- cepted a position from Archbishop Laud as pre- bendary in Canterbury Cathedral and visited England to be installed". He wrote: Grammalica Latina (1607) : Arisiarchus, sire de Arte flram- matica (1635) ; De Vitiis ,Sermonis et (llossematis Latino-Barbaris (1640). His other writings in- clude his great work, Commentariorum Rhctori- corum sire Oratoriarum Institutionum Libri 17. (1606) ; also his Ars Rhetorica (1623) ; De IJis- toricis Grwcis (1624); De Historieis Latinis (1627). His collected works were published in six volumes (Amsterdam, 1605-1701), The nu- merous valuable manuscripts which he gathered together are now in the Library at Leyden, VOSS, Ls.^AC (1618-89). The youngest son of Gerhard Johannes Voss, born at Leyden. In 1648 he accepted the invitation of Queen Chris- tine to Stockholm, but ten years later, owing to dill'erences with Salmasiu's, he returned to Holland. In 1670 he went to England, and in 1673 was made a canon of Windsor by Ol!:ules II. This office he held until his death. He edited the works of the geographers Scylax and Mela: also Justin, Catullus, etc. His other import :int writings were: De Septuaginta Interpret ibus ( 1061 ) ; De Poematum Cantu et Viribus Rhi/thmi (1673) ; Variw Obserrationes (1685). Consult De Crane, De Vossioruni Tuniorumque Famiiia (Franeker, 1820). VOSS, Jon.ON Heinrich (1751-1826). A German poet, translator, and classical philologist, born in Sonmiersdorf, Mecklenburg. He studied at Giittingpu. and after editing for a time the Oiittinr/cr Musenahnanach. was made rector of the Gymnasium at Otterndorf (1778). He translated the Odgssei/. was promoted in 1782 to the rectorship of the Gymnasium at Eutin, and here in 1780 published a translation of Ver- gil's Eclogues and Georgies, his classical version of the Homeric poems (4 vols., 1793), and two volumes of controversial letters addressed to Heyne (Jlythologische Brief e, 1794). In 1802 he