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* VOLGA. 206 VOLLMAE. river and the Black, Baltic, and White seas. The fisheries in the Volga are very important. VOLHYNIA, vol-in'i-a. A government of Southwestern Russia, bordering on Austria and Poland. Area, over 27,700 square miles (Map; Eussia. C 4). The northeastern part belongs to the 'region of Poliessie (q.v.) and is mostly marshy. The southern part is hilly and inter- sected by deep river valleys. The chief river is the Western Bug. There are numerous lakes. The climate is moderate but unhealthful in the north. Forests cover a considerable part of the area and are exploited on a large scale, timber being extensively exported to Germany and Eng- land! In the .south, where the soil is fertile, agri- culture has attained a considerable degree of de- velopment, especially among the German colo- nists. Rve. wheat, oats, sugar beets, tobacco, and hops are produced. Stock-raising is also im- portant. The chief manufactures are beet sugar, spirits, and leather. Population, in 1S97, 2.- 997.002 — Russians, Jews, and Poles. Capital, Zhitomir (q.v.). The region of Volhynia was inhaliited by Slavs and belonged to Eussia at the very beginning of Eussian history. In the four- teenth century it jjassed to Lithuania and was nnited with Poland in 1569. It passed to Eussia in 17<i.j. VOLITION. See Will. VOLK, Douglas (1856 — ). An American figure painter, born in Pittsfield, Mass. He studied in Paris under G^rOme. and in Italy. After his return to America he taught at the Cooper Institute. New York Citv (1879-84), organized the ilinneapolis School of Fine Arts (1886), and again taught at the Cooper Union and the Art Students' League. His paintings,, which usually combine figure and landscape, exhibit good drawing and fine color. Notable among them is ."The Arrow." which won the Carnegie prize at the Society of American Artists in 1903. Other ■works include "In Brittany" (1876): "Domestic Life in Normandv" (1878); "Puritan Girl" (1881); and "A Girl of the Colonies" (1003). He was elected to the National Academy of De- sign in 1809. VOLKELT, fSl'kelt. .Johannes Immanttel (1848 — ). A German philosopher, born in Lip- nik. Galicia, and educated at Vienna. .Tena. and Leipzig. He became professor of philosophy at Basel in 1883 and at Wiirzburg in 1880, and in 1894 was made professor of philosophy and peda- gogj' in Leipzig. In philosophy his main efl'orts have been his opposition to positivism and his attempt at a new metaphysical theory. His in- dependent position was arrived at after successive periods in which he followed Hegel. Schopen- hauer, and Hartmann. Volkelt lias written on a-stbetics as well asj on philosophy proper. His more important works are: I'nnHirixxius und IndiriflKnUsmus im fiiistem Spinnzas ( 1872) ; Die Tr<nim}ihnn1itmc (1875); Kan1.i Erkriinlnis- iheorir. a searching piece of criticism (1879); Acslhetische ZcHfrnfien (1895) : Artliur ficliopen- havrr. seine Pcrsiinlichkeil. Heine Lehrc. sein fjiniihr (1000): and Die Kiinst des Individual- isirrryis iti dm Dichtvnpen Jean Pauls (1902). VOLKMANN, f.Mk'mJin. RicitARn vox ( 1830. 89). A (icnnan surgeon, bom in Leipzig, son of the physiologist Alfred Williclm Volkmann (1801-77). He sttidied medicine at Halle. Giessen, and Berlin, and in 1807 became professor of sur- gery and director of the clinic at Halle. He was one of the most prominent surgeons of his day, and a pioneer in the introduction of antiseptic methods in CJermany. He edited (1870-89) Beitriige zur Chirurgie, and contributed to the Pitha-Billroth Uandhuch der Chirurgie a section on diseases of the locoraotory organs (1805-72). L'nder the pseudonym Richard Leander, he wrote a juvenile Triitimereien an fran::osisehen Knmin- en (1871), which passed through more than a score of editions, Gedichte (3d ed. 1885), Kleine Geschichteti (2d ed. 1888). and Alte und neiie Troiihadoiirliedcr (2d ed. 1890). Consult Krause. Zur Erinnerung an Richard von VoUc- mann { Berlin. 1890). VOLKMANN, Egbert (1815-83). A German instrumental composer, born at Lommatzsch. He studied both organ and piano with his father, violin and 'cello with Friebel, and composition with Anacker at Freiberg and K. F. Becker at Leipzig, where he received great encottragement from Schumann. From 1839 to 1842 he taught mtisic at Prague and finally settled at Pesth, where he spent most of his time, with the exception of a four years' stay at Vienna (1854- 58 ). He w-as professor of harmony and counterpoint at the National Academy of Music for several years. Among his works are: For pianoforte solo, Phantasiebildcr ; Dithyrambe und Toccate ; Souvenir de Mahrohl: yoctiirne; Cavatine und Barcarole. For pianoforte duets, Sonalina; Musikalisches Liederhucli : Die Tagcs- zeiten; three marches; Rondino and ilareia-Ca- priccio : transcriptions of his other works and variations for two pianofortes on a Handel theme. Among his vocal works are masses, oflfer- tories, sacred songs, and a Christmas carol of the twelfth century. He aLso wrote symphonies, ser- enades, and much instrumental music. VOLKMANN, Wilhelm FiiinoLix. Ritter von Volkmar (1821-77). An Austrian psychologist, born in Prague. In 1846 he beeam'e a lecturer in sestheties, afterwards in philosophy, at the Uni- versity of Prague, and in 1856 was appointed to a professorship in philosophy there. His chief .studies were in the exact psychology of the school of Ilerbart. His most important pub- lication is the Orundriss, afterwards the Lchr- htirh der Pstychologie rom Siaiidpunkte dcs philosopkischcn Realisinus (1856; 4th ed., by Cornelius. 1894-95). VOLLMAR, fol'miir, Georg Heixrich von (1850 — ). One of the leaders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, born at Jlunich. He entered the Bavarian army at an early age and served as lieutenant in the war with Prussia in 1866. He then enlisted in the Papal army, and after a short service entered the Bavarian railway service, which he left to take part in the Franco-German War. in which he served as an oflicer luitil baiUy wounded at Blois. Hav- ing become interested in social studies, he was led to embrace Socialism, and lictween the years 1878 and 18.'^6 was im|U'isoncil several times as a result of his activity in propag.iting socialistic ideas, organizing secret societies. ■ etc. Vollmar became prominent in the German Reichstag, to which he was repeatedly elected after 1881, ex- cept during the i)eriod 1887-90; in the Lcgis-