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* VOGRICH. 199 VOICE. sitions are several operas, wliosc libretti he also wrote, which received their liist iireseiitation in Europe; and<i. (ISTo); lMn::cl<il (1S!)0); Kin(] Arthur, produced in T.ei|)zig in 181)3; and Buddha (1899),. His oratorio Thr Vapllvilij was brought out in New York in 1891, as was the cantata T}ie Young Kintj and the Shephirdcss. Another cantata, The Diver, was first produced in Detroit. He also wrote several masses, syniplionies, violin and pianoforte concertos, and sonatas, besides numerous duets, songs, and chamber music. VOGT, fOkt, Karl (ISIT-O.'i). A German- Swiss naturalist, born at Giessen. He studied medicine there and at Bern, and in 18-17 he be- came professor of zoijlogy in Giessen, but being compelled to leave the country a year later, on account of his share in the political agitation of 1848, he left Germany and accepted the professor- ship of geology in Geneva in 1852, remaining there until his death. He became a member of the Swiss Federal Council in 1878. Vogt was one of the most eloquent exponents of Darwinism. He published authoritative works on geology, anthropology, and zoology, of which the following are important: L'llistoire natnrcUe dcs poissons d'eau douce dp I'Europe centrale (with L. Agas- Biz, 1S.")9) ; Physiolofiinche Uriefe {fii5-i6) : Ocran vnd Mittcliiicer (1848) ; Die Saugeticre in Wort vnd mid (1883); Traitc d'anatomie comparce pratique (with E. Yung, 1888).- VOGtfE, vo'gu'fi', CiiAKLES Jean Melchiok, Marquis de (1829 — ). A French archa;ologist and historian. He was born in Paris and was pri- vately educated. In 18.53-54 and in ISfil and 1802 he traveled widely in the Orient. In 1868 he was elected a member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. In 1871 he was appointed by Thiers Ambassador to Turkey, and in 1875 w-as transferred to Aus- tria, but after the retirement of MaeMahon in 1879 he left the diplomatic service. In 1901 he was elected a member of the French Academy. His chief works in archaeology are: Les {-glises de la Terre Sainte (1860) ; Melanges d'archeoloyie oricnfale (1869) ; L'architecture civile et religicvse du ler au VIenie siiclc dans la Hyrie centrale ( 1865-77) ; in history, Le mare- chal fte Villars (1888), Les memoires de ViUars (ed. 1884-92). and Le due de Bourgogne ct Ic due de Beauvilliers (1900). VOGtJE, EuGftNE ]Marie Melchior. Vicomte de (1848 — ). A French critic and historian, born at Nice, cousin of the preceding. During the Franco-Prussian war be served as a vohmteer and was wovmded at Sedan. After 1871 he was attache to the French embassies at Constantinople, Cairo, and Saint Petersburg, re- spectively. At the latter Court he passed seven years, but in 1882 gave up the diplomatic service to devote himself to literature. In 1888 he was made a member of the French Academy. It was through Vicomte de Vogtig that Kussian novelists first became widely known in France and afterwards throughout the English-speaking world. His more important publications include: Byric, Palestine, mont Athos (1876) : IJistoires orientates (1879) ; Le roman russe (1886); Regards historiqves et litteraires (1892) ; Eeures d'histoire (1893) ; Crrurs russes (1894) ; Le rappel des omhres (1900) ; Pages d'histoire (1902) ; and the novel Les marts qui patent (1899). Consult Kod, "Le Vicomte E. M. de Vogiir," in Les id&es morales du temps present (Paris, 1891). VOGULS. A Finno-Ugrian tribe numbering about 7000 living in the Northern Urals, Russia. They are of short stature and robust, dolichoce- phalic, with blue or gray e3'es, flat concave nose, long blonde or brown hair, and light skin in- clined to yellow. They live by the chase, using as weapons the bow and arrow, the flint-lock gun, and traps. Their domestic animals are the dog and cattle. Their tents and domestic uten- sils arc made from birch bark; their canoes of the same material are made water-tight with resin. They dress like the Russians and are nominal Christians, but worship idols and make sacrifices of animals. Totemic tattooing is prac- ticed among them and polygamy is common. Con- sult: Miiller, Ugrischer Vollcsslanim (Berlin, 1837); Ahlqvist, Unter Wogulen und Ostjuken (Ilelsingfors, 1885) ; Rabot, A travers la liussie horeale (Paris, 1894). VOICE (OF. vcns, voiz, vuiz, Fr. voix, from Lat. vox, voice; connected with Gk. 'dtroi, epos, word, Skt. racas, speech). The audible scuuid produced in the larynx of any animal possessing that organ. The primary vocal elements originating in the larynx are modified in their passage outward through the phary'n.x and mouth so as to form articulate speech or musical sounds, i.e. speaking and singing. The whole respiratory apparatus is concerned in the pro- duction and modulation of the voice. The hmgs force a column of air, under varying degrees of pressure, through the trachea or windpipe against the vibrating portions of the laryn.x (q.v. ), generating a sound which is modified by the tongue, teeth, lips, etc. The studj- of the varying conditions in the interior of the larynx is made possible by the use of the laryngoscope ( q.v. ). On attempting phonation, the arytenoids (mov- able cartilages to which are attached the pos- terior ends of the cords) are seen to raise them- .selves in the fold of mucous membrane which covers them, and rapidly approach each other. This movement approximates the edges of the vocal cords, and consequently narrows the open- ing of the glottis. During the emission of the most acute sounds the glottis contracts into a mere line. The arj'tenoid cartilages are raised and meet in the median line, the epiglottis is drawn outward, and a short, stiff tube is then formed above the glottis, all these parts being in a state of extreme tension. It is impossible to study with the laryngoscope the manner of for- mation of the gravest chest tones, because the arytenoid cartilages approach each other closely and bend under the border of the epiglottis, which is depressed, so that the cords are hidden. The larynx possesses within itself more delicate powers of adjustment than any musical instru- ment. In addition to the movements already mentioned, the vibrating portions of the cords can be shortened or lengthened, or limited to their edges; the free edges can be sharpened or blunted, and the whole cord can be flattened out like a ribbon. The entire mechanism is adapted to meet varying degrees of pressure of the column of air in the trachea, and the quality of the sound produced is further modified by the adjustable centres or ventricles of the larynx.