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* VIRUS. 171 VISCHER. incvibation, which elapses between the (ime of exposure and inoculation and the day wlien symptoms of the disease are first noted. In measles the period of ineuliation is about ten ilays, though it may be [irotracted to thirty daj'S; the virus beinj; earried in blood from an ex- anthematous patch or the secretion from the ej'es or nostrils, and later from the scales that sejiarate from the skin. In smallpox the period of incubation is about twelve days, though it varies from five days to tliree weeks. See B.t'TERiA ; Disease. Germ Theory of. VISAKHADATTA, ve-shilk'lii'i-dut'ti'i. The name of a Sanskrit dramatist, the autlior of the iliirlra-raksasa, or Signet King of the Minis- ter. His date was presumalily not later tluin A.D. 800. The plot of his elaborate drama turns on a political intrigue in the time of Chan- dragupta, or Sandrocottus ( q.v. ), and it is one of the best Sanskrit plays. The text has been edited by Telang (Bombay, 180.3). and the play was translated into English by Wilson in his Hindu Theatre, vol. ii. (London, 1871). Con- sult: Levi, Le Thriltie Indicn (Paris, 1800); IMaedonell, Sanskrit Literature (Xew York, lOOO). VISA'LIA. The county-seat of Tulare County. Cal., '250 miles southeast of San Fran- cisco; on the Santa Fe Railroad and a branch of the Southern Pacific (Jlap: California. D 3). It is in a farming, fruit-growing, stock- raising, and lumbering region, and has impor- tant fruit packing and canning interests. Popu- lation, in 1800, 2885; in 1000,"3085. VISAYA, ve-sa'ya, or BISAYA. A numerous Malay people in the middle Philippines and Korthern Mindanao. They have separate speech and culture and a ijeculiar kind of writing. See Phii.ippixe Islands; Philippine Laxguages. VISAYAS, ve-sa'yas, or BISAYAS. The central group of the Philippine Islands, lying between Luzon and Mindanao (Map: Pliilippine Islands. H 8). It constitutes one of the four main insular groups or territorial divisions of the archi]ieIago, the other three being Luzon with Mindoro, ^Mindanao with the Sulu Islands, and the Palawan group. The name is derived from the Visayans, the predominating race in- habiting the group. For details, see articles on the separate islands, the chief of which are Sflmar. Bohol, Cebii, Negros, Panay, Romblon, and Masliate. VISCACHA, or VIZCACHA, vis-kii'chii (Sp., prolialily of (>luichua origin). A curious and pretty burrowing rodent ( Lariostomns trichotJac- tylus) of the chinchilla family, found on the pampas in South Anu>rica. It is nearly two feet long. The colors are varied and on the face are so arranged in masses of light and dark as to give it a very peculiar appearance. The burrows of the viscacha are so nvimerous and so deep that they constitute a dangerous feature of the pampas to horseback riders; and in gen- eral the habits and economy of these animals are like those of the prairie-dogs (q.v.). Their fur has some commercial value. Interesting and detailed accounts of them may be found in Dar- win. A Xaturalisl's Vot/arie (London. ISGO). and in Hudson, The Xatiirali'st on the La Plata (ib., 1892). See Plate of Cavies. / Vol. XX.— 12. VIS'CELLI'NUS, Spurius Cassiu.s. See CasSIUS 'iSC'ELLINUS, SPURIU.S. VISCHER, fish'er, FBiKnRicit TiiEODnit voN (1S07-S7). A (ierman critic,, born at Lndwigs- burg, W'iirttcmherg. He was educated at Tu- bingen, after which he was for a year vicar of the couitry church f Horrheim, near Vaihingen. He then spent the years 1832 and 1833 in developing his aesthetic taste in the art centres of (iernuiny and Austria. He was successively privat-docent (1830-37) and jn'ofessor extraordinary (1837-44) in the I'niversity of Tiibingcn, and in 1844 was apjiointed professor of a'sthetics. The too inde- pendent tone of his inaugural lecturi', how- ever, caused his suspension for two years. In 1848 he was elected to the National As- sembly of Frankfort, where he voted with (he Left. In 1855 he was called to the Ijolyteehnie institute of Zurich, and in 180G to that of Stuttgart. He resumed at the same time the professorship of testhetics and (ierman literature at Tiibingcn. but from 1800 taught only at Stuttgart. As a literary critic and stu- dent of iesthetics, Visclier was one of the most distinguished members of the Hegelian school. Among his numerous and valuable publications are Kritische (Hinge (1844; new series, 1801-73) ; Aesthetik oiler Wissenschaft des Schonen (1847- 58) ; Faust, der Tragijdie dritter Teil (182; 4th ed. 1880, a satire on the second part of the tragedy) ; Epifjramme aus Baden-Baden (1807) ; Der deutsehe' Kriefi 1H70-71 (1874); (lorthe^ Faust: neue Beitriige zur Kritik des Gedichts (1875); Auch Finer (1878; novel. 7th ed.. 1800); Mode und Cgnicismns (1878; 3d ed. 1887); Altes und Xeues (1881-82; new series 1889) ; Lyrische Gauge ( 1882; 2d ed. ISSO) ; and Allotria (1892). Consult the monographs by Giinthert (Stuttgart, 1888) and Ziegler (ib., 1893). VISCHER, Peter, the Elder (c.I455-1529). A German sculptor and brass-founder, one of the greatest masters of the Renaissance. Born at Xuremberg, son of the brazier Hermann Visclier the Elder, who acquired citizenship there in 1453, and died in 1487, Peter was his father's pupil and assistant, and was admitted to the guild as a master in 1489. His productions in- creased the reputation of the foundry which he had inherited from his father to such a degree that for half a century it was practically with- out competition in Germany, and also received important orders from other countries. Five .sons assisted Peter in his extensive productions — Hermann the Younger (e. 1490-1516) ; Peter the Younger (c. 1494-1528) ; Hans, who inherited the foundry, but removed to Eichstiidt in 1549 ; P.rL, who died at Mainz in 1531; and .Takor. about whom information is lacking. While records of his outward life are wanting, we have a picture of the master's artistic development in his nu- merous works, all marked with his monogram and dated, with the exception of his earliest known work, the statue of "Count Otto von Hen- neberg" in the church at Riimhild (c.l4S0-90). Of 1490 unquestionably is the statue of a "Kneel- ing Man" in the National iluseum at Munich, ]U'obabIy the fragment of some monument. Of several sepulchral slabs in the cathedrals of Bamberg, Wiirzburg, and !Meissen, that of "Dueliess Sidonie," at Meissen, deserves especial