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VIRGINIA.

. Calendar of Virginia State Papers (Richmond, 1875-90); Virginia Historical Society, Collections (ib., 1882-92); Brown, Genesis of the United States (Boston, 1890); id., The First Repuhlic in America (ib., 1898); Cooke, Virginia (ib., 1884); Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors (New York, 1897); Neill, History of the Virginia Company of London (Albany, 1869); id., Virginia Carolorum (ib., 1886); Stith, History of the First Discovery and Settlement of Virginia (1747; 3d ed., New York, 1865); Arber, ed., Works of Captain John Smith (ib., 1884); Foote, Sketches of Virginia (Philadelphia, 1850-55); Bruce, Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1896); Johnson and Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (ib., 1887); Doyle, English Colonies in America (ib., 1882); Campbell, History of Virginia (Philadelphia, 1860); Howison, A History of Virginia (Richmond, 1848); Burk, History of Virginia (Petersburg, 1804-16); Howe, Historical Collections of Virginia (Charleston, 1845); Ballagh, History of Slavery in Virginia (Baltimore, 1902); id., Servitude in Virginia (ib., 1895).  VIRGINIA,. An undenominational institution of higher learning at Charlottesville, Va., four miles from Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson, its founder. It was chartered in 1819 and opened in 1825. The group of college buildings, planned by Jefferson and erected under his personal supervision, together with the recent additions made to harmonize with and complete his designs, constitute one of the most characteristic and artistic pieces of academic architecture in America. The quadrangle is about 1000 feet long and 300 feet wide. The dominant structure is the Rotunda, set centrally at the northern end, and modeled from the Roman Pantheon. It is now devoted to the university library. The courses of instruction are comprised in five departments: academic, engineering, law, medicine, and agriculture, comprising in all 22 schools, of which each affords an independent course under professors who are responsible only to the board of visitors, appointed by the Governor. The courses are purely elective. The degrees of bachelor of arts, law, and science, master of arts, doctor of philosophy, medicine, and law, civil, mechanical, mining, and electrical engineer are conferred only upon examination after residence. No honorary degrees are given. Qualified persons may be licensed by the faculty to form classes for private instruction in any school of the university. The university had in 1903 a student attendance of 619, 57 instructors, and a library of 48,500 volumes. In the same year its endowment was $378,850, with an income of $154,845, and its grounds and buildings were valued at $1,250,000.  VIRGINIA AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE AND POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE. An institution founded in 1871 on the land grant of 1862. It offers courses in agriculture, horticulture, applied chemistry, general science, civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering, and shorter courses in practical

and practical mechanics. The sciences hold the foremost place in the curriculum, but every course includes a certain element of general culture. The courses are so arranged as to give the student an approximately equal amount of class work and of laboratory, shop, or field practice. The degrees conferred are bachelor and master of science and civil, mechanical, and electrical engineer. Military drill is required of the students. The total enrollment in 1903 was 627, with 40 instructors. The library contained 3600 volumes. The gross income was $117,006 and the total valuation of the college property was about $700,000. The institution has about 50 buildings and 1200 acres of land, owned or leased, valued at $250,000.  VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS. Two series of resolutions adopted in 1798 and 1799 by the Legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia in protest against legislation by Congress and in support of the strict constructionist view of the Constitution. The resolutions were called forth by the steady extension of the powers of the Federal Government at the expense of the States as a result of the liberal interpretation which the Federalist authorities were placing upon the Constitution, and in particular by the enactment of the (q.v.) in 1798. The Kentucky Resolutions were nine in number, were drafted by Thomas Jefferson, then Vice-President, and were adopted by the Legislature in November, 1798. They affirmed that the Union was a compact; that whenever the Federal Government assumed undelegated powers its acts were unauthoritative, void, and of no force; that the Government was not the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself, since its discretion and not the Constitution would then be the measure of its powers; but that, as in all other cases of compact among parties having no common judge, each party had an equal right to judge for itself as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress. The resolutions then formally denied the power of Congress to pass the Alien and Sedition Acts, and declared that these acts were void and of no force. In the following year the Kentucky Legislature further resolved that &ldquo;the several States, being sovereign and independent, have the unquestionable right to judge of the infractions of the Constitution; and that a nullification by those sovereignties of all unauthorized acts done under color of that instrument is the rightful remedy.&rdquo;

The Virginia Resolutions, passed in December, 1798, were eight in number, were drafted by Madison, and were much milder in tone. They described the Union, however, as a compact, and declared that in ease of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of powers not granted by the said compact, the States, as parties thereto, had the right, and were in duty bound, to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil and for maintaining the rights and liberties appertaining to them. The resolutions of the two States were transmitted to the executives of the other States to be laid before their respective Legislatures. Responses were made by Delaware, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Vermont, but none of them were sympathetic, that of Massachusetts expressly