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* VIGILIUS. 132 VIGO. knowledged as lawful Pope until after the death of Silverius. In 545 he was summoned by Jus- tinian to Constantinople, that he might there condemn the 'Three Chapters.' (See Chapters, THE Three.) At first, considering the document orthodox, he refused to condemn it; but subse- quently, under pressure, yielded to the Emperor's wishes, and then was allowed to return to Rome. On the way, however, he fell ill and died at Syracuse. VIGNALI, ve'nyiil^, Jacopo {15921664). An Italian painter," born at Prato. He was a pupil of Matteo Roselli of Florence, and belonged to the Florentine JIannerists. A large number of his works, both oil and fresco, survive, prin- cipally in Florentine churches. He appears to greatest advantage in the frescoes of the Capella Buonarotti, Florence. VIGNATJD, vi^'nyn'. Henry (1830—). An American diplomat and writer, born of French stock in Xcw Orleans. After teaching in that city (1852-56) he edited L'Union de Lafourche at Thibodeaux, La. (1857-60). He later assisted in founding La Renaissance Louisianaise at New Orleans, but left it to become a captain in the Sixth Louisiana Infantry at the outbreak of the Civil War. His diplomatic career began in 1863, when he was sent to Paris as assistant secretary to the Confederate agency in that city. He was translator to the Alabama Claims Commission, which met at Geneva in 1872. and entered the diplomatic service of the United States in 1875 as second secretary of the American legation at Paris. In 1885 he was appointed first secretary. He retained that position after the elevation of the legation to an embassy, and was several times called ujion to act as charge d'affaires. In 1861 he published L'Anthropologie. His other publica- tions include: ToscaneUi and Coluinlus — The Letter and Chart of Toscajirlli on the Route to the Indies iij Way of the West (1902) ; Tosca- neUi and Cohnnhiis — Letters to Sir Clements R. Markham and C. Rai/mond Beazley (1903) ; and Critical and BiWiorjraphical Sotices of All Voy- ages which Preceded and Prepared the Discovery of the Route to India by Diaz and to America by Cohimbns. VIGNOLA, ve'nyftla. Gi.coJio Barozzio pa (1507-73). An Italian architect. He was born at Vignoia, near Moilena. October 1, 1507; stud- ied painting at Bologna and architecture at Rome, and was charged by Primaticcio with some commissions for Francis I. which led to a visit to France. He returned to Bologna, and was chosen as the architect of the Portico dei Ranchi, several palaces, and pul)lic l)uil(lings. In 1550 he was made Papal architect by Pope .lulius III., and the latter part of his life was spent in Rome, where he designed the casino of the villa of Papa Giulio and the church of the .Tesuits. His masterpiece is probably the famous Capra- rola palace and villa near 'itcrbo. He became the architect of Saint Peter's after the death of Michelangelo, and designed the two lateral cu- polas. He was the author of Rcqole dclle cinque ordini il' archilcltura (Rome, 1563) and Regole deIJa prrspettira prallica (ih., 1583). which are still considered standard works. VIGNOLES, vi'i-nynl'. Charles Blapker (1793-1875)., Knglish engineer, born at Wondbrnok, Wexford. He served under Welling- ton in the Peninsula and retired from the army in 1833. The Vignoles, or flat-footed, rail was introduced by him into Europe from the United States. He built the Dublin and Kingstown (1832-34), the Shellield and Manchester (1835- 40), and the London, Chatham and Dover (1855- 64) railways, and carried out important works in Russia, including the great suspension bridge across the Dneiper at Kiev. He was professor in University College, London (1841-43), and pub- lished Observations on the Floridas (1823, with valuable map). VIGNY, ve'nye'. Alfreo, Count de (1799- 1863). A French poet and novelist, born at Loehes, Indre-et-Loire. He was educated in Paris and served in the army twelve years. His Pocmes (1822) and Poemes antiques et modernes (1824- 26) contained grandiose poetic evocations of the Middle Ages and were among the first attempts [Le cor and Mo'ise) to treat philosophic subjects in epic form. The epic Eloa (1824) served La- martine as a model for his Chute d'un ange and marks the influence of Hugo, whom it inlluenced in turn, as Le cor, inspired by the bloodless Span- ish campaign of 1823, did Musset's Contes d'Espagne et d'ltalie. In 1826 Vigny published a long historic novel, Cinq-Mars. Though a falsifi- cation of history, the novel attained immediate and great success; it has the merit of having been first in a field where Hugo and Dumas were to gather brighter laurels. In 1832 Vigny ap- plied his unique 'historic method' in titello to Andre Chenier and the English poets Gilbert and Chatterton. Servitude et grandeur militaires (1835), three military stories, contains his best work in fiction. Meanwhile he had borne his part in the romantic rejuvenation of the drama by translating Shakespeare's Othello (1829), and writing an insignificant comedy. Quitte pour la l)eur. an historic drama. La marechale d'Ancre (1830), and Chatterton (1835). his strongest drama, in spite of its pessimistic gloom. But Vigny saw the limitations of romanticism in drama and never pursued his success. Indeed, he publislied no more, though the posthumously gathered Destinccs (1864) and the Journal d'un, pocte (1867) show him at the height of his lyric power. Vigny's IT'or/rs were collected in 1863-66, in 1868-70, and in 1883-85. There are Lives by A. France (Paris, 1808), Dorison (1892), and Paleologue (1891). Consult: Faguet. XIX. Siecle (Paris, 1890) ; Caro, Poctes et romanciers (ib., 1888) ; Montegut, ,Yos marts contemporains, vol. i. (ib., 1882) ; Sainte-Beuve, Portraits contem- porains, vol. ii., Portraits littt^raircs, vol. iii. (ib.. 1893) : and Xoureau.T lundis, vol. vi. (ib., 1870). VIGO, ve'gA. A town of the Province of Pontevcdra, Spain, 72 miles north of Oporto, on the hay of the same name (Map: Spain, A 1). It has a good harbor and has had a comparatively rapid growth. The tunny and sardine fisheries give employment to a large element of its popu- lation. There are iron foundries, machine shops, paper, flour, and saw mills, petroleum ami siigar refineries, chocolate, soap, leather ;uid imsta factories, and cognac and alcohol distilleries. The building of small steamers an<l the manufac- ture of c(U'dage :irc also important industries. The chief exports are wines, cattle, sardines, dried fish, pastas, and agricultural prcMlucts. Vige