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* VIENNA. 129 VIENNE. was now coiistitutod a now Kingdom of Poland, which was placed under the ruh; of the Rus- sian dynasty. A tiny fragment of Poland was called into independent existence as the Republic of ('racow. Russia was recognized in the posses- sion of Finland. Austria was reinstated in the possession of the territories relinquished by her in the course of the French wars, with the excep- tion of Belgium, the Breisgau, and other districts in Soutli (Germany, and part of her Polish terri- tories. The bulk of the dominions of the Vene- tian Republic was restored to her. The bound- aries of France were fixed approximately as they had been at the outbreak of the Revolution. Maria Louisa, the wife of Napoleon, obtained Parraa. Naples was restored to its Bourbon King, and Tuscany to its former ruler, a brother of the Austrian Kmperor. The House of Savoy was reinstated in its continual dominions and invested with the territories of the former Re- public of Genoa. The Pope was restored to his former position as a temporal sovereign, but Avignon and Venaissin remained in possession of France. The Swiss Confederation was recon- stituted. England was allowed to retain Cape Colony, Ceylon, part of the Dutch possessions in Guiana, Mauritius, Tobago, Saint Lucia, Malta, and Helgoland. The news of Napoleon's return from Elba somewhat hurried the conclusion of these multifarious arrangements, yet the nego- tiations were not interrupted. The reorganiza- tion of Germany was finally effected by the act of ,June 8, 181.5, which constituted a Germanic Confederation consisting of 30 members. The Diet of the Confederation was granted limited powers and the only general provision of importance was the requirement that representative institutions be erected in all the States belonging to the Confederation. Such a league utterly failed to satisfy the aspiration for national unity which the Napoleonic wars had fostered in Germany; yet it remained in existence till 18G6. The ques- tions of mutual indemnities, rectifications of frontier, etc., were subsequently settled (1810) at Frankfort, by a territorial commission composed of representatives of the great Powers. The questions of the slave trade and of the free navigation of the Rhine and its tribu- taries were brought up by England, and also satisfactorily settled. A formal treaty em- bodying the results of the labors of the con- gress was drawn up and signed .Tune 0. 181.'). It was the intention of the statesmen who dominated the congress to establish the balance of power in Europe among the great Powers so nicely as to prevent wars and Napoleonism in the future. The international statesmansliip of Europe for the next forty years was directed to a mainten- ance of the status established by the congress. Consult: Wheaton, History of the Law of Na- tions (New York, 1845) ; Hertslet, The Map of Europe by Treaty (London, 1875-91); Metter- nieh. Memoirs (Eng. trans., ib., 1880); Talley- rand. Memoirs (Eng. trans., ib., 1801), less in- forming than was expected before publication; Seeley, Life and Times of lutein (Cambridge, 1878) ; also an admirable account by Sorel, in Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoirc genirale, vol. X, (Paris, 1898), with good bibliography; De- bidour, Bistoire diplomatique de V Europe {Fa.Tia, 1891). VIENNA, (jNiVEH.sny ov. One of the oldest and most famous universities of Europe, founded by Duke Rudcdiili IV. in i;i(i.5. L'nder its first rector it maintained but a precarious existence. Duke Albert 111. obtained in 1384 from Pope Urban VI. the right to add a theological faculty to the three seeuhir ones. At the .same time the >iniv<u'sity was divided into four nations, modeled after those of Paris. In 1023 Fcrdinan<l If. transferred the university to the Jesuits, who erected a number of buildings, some of which still exist. By the beginning of the reign of Maria Theresa it had lost what prestige it ac- ([uired during the Humanistic awakening. (Jeraid van Swieten, however, .succeeded in rescuing the medical faculty from the general ruin, and it has since maintained an almost unrivaled |)Osi- tion in the European medical world. Joseph II. reorganized the university as a practical State institution and deprived it of academic fieedom. Reforms in 1848-50 introduced again the era of free academic life, and hencefcnth it regained its former renown. The magnificent new uni- versity building designed by the famous arcliitect Ferstel was dedicated in 1884. In 1902 the university consisted of the follow- ing faculties: (1) Law and political science; (2) theology; (3) medicine; (4) philosophy. The attendance in 1902-03 was over 6000,' including some forty women. The university departments include besides a large number of seminaries, museums, and laboratories in art and sciences, three medical clinics, two surgical clinics, two lying-in clinics, one each for diseases of women, skin diseases, children's diseases, etc. These clinics have attained a world-wide reputation, due to the eminent specialists conducting thera. The university library, founded in 1775 by Maria Theresa, has received since 1808 a copy of every work printed in Lower Austria. It includes near- ly tiOO.OOO volumes and 824 manuscripts. Notable also are the observatory, botanical garden, and Central Institute for experimenting in meteor- ology and terrestrial magnetism. VIENNA PASTE. An unofficial compound of caustic potash and quicklime, used as a caustic. VIENNA 'WHITE. See Cr.wox. VIENNE, ve'en'. A western interior depart- ment of I'rance, forming the eastern part of the former Province of Poitou, and situated south of the Loire (Map: France, G 5). Area, 2711 square miles. The surface is mostly level, watered by the Vienne, a triluitary of the Loire. Five-sixths of its ai-ea is cultivated, producing crops of wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and beets. Large numbers of sheep are raised. Vineyards occupy about 72.000 acres, with an annual pro- ductive value of $3,500,000. The .chief manu- factures are eutlerv, paper, and alcohol. Popu- lation, in 1890, 338,114: in 1001, 336.343. Cap- ital, Poitiers. VIENNE. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Is&re, France, on the left bank of the Rhone, 20 miles by rail south of Lyons (Map: France, L 6). The Rhone, spanned here by a suspension bridge, is joined by the G&re. which flows through the town. Vienne is pictui-esquely situated among low hills, but poor- ly built and ill kept. The ancient ruins and antiquities are numerous. The Roman aqueducts.