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* VIADUCT. 112 VIBOEG. This construction was best tvpified for a great many years by the viaduct crossing Ivinzua Creek in northwestern Pennsylvania, on the Erie Rail- road, which is familiarly known as the Kinzua viaduct. The preceding table gives the main characteristics of the more important viaducts of tills type. See Bridge. VIA MALA, ve'a mU'la (Lat., Bad Road). A famous road, made in 1470, through a deep gorge of the Rhine in the Grisons, Switzerland. The present road, seven yards in width, was built in 1818-24. It passes between limestone cliffs 1600 feet high and crosses the river three times by bridges spanning the ravine at a great height above the water. The Via JIala forms the first part of the Splugen Road. VIAKDOT, vyar'di', Louis (1800-83). A French art critic. He was born in Dijon, studied law in Paris, took up journalism, managed the C4rand Opera ( 1838-41 ). and married the opera singer Pauline Garcia ( 1840). He traveled widely and made many translations from Spanish and Russian, writing also Etudes stir I'histoire des in- stitutions et de la littirature en Espagne (1835); Eistoire des Arahes et des Maures d'Espagne (1851) ; and Les merveilles de la peinture (1868), translated in part as The Wonders of Italian Art. VIARDOT - GARCIA, ^r-the<a, Paiilink (1821 — ). A celebrated French vocalist, born in Paris. She was the daughter of the famous tenor Manuel Garcia, and si.ster of Madame Mali- bran. She was taken with her family first to England, then to the United States, and in 1828 returned to Europe. She was one of Liszt's most accomplished pupils. Her concert debut was at Brussels in 1837. and her first London appear- ance was at the Opera House, in 1839, as Desde- mona in Rossini's Otello. She then appeared in Italian opera at the Paris Odfion with equal success. In 1841 she married the di- rector of the Paris Italian Opera, Louis Viar- dot. After her marriage she made numerous European tours, until her retirement in 1863. Her name is associated with the first perform- ances of ileyerbeer's Les Huguenots and Le Pro- phete. and Gounod's Sapho. She sang the title roles in the revivals at Paris of Gluck's Orphee (1859) and Alceste (1861). In 1871 she Set- tled in Paris as a teacher of singing. Her com- positions include several operas, sixty popular vocal melodies, instrumental pieces, and an Ecole classique de chant. VIAREGGIO, ve'!i-r6d'j6. A winter resort in tlic Province of Lucca, Italy, situated on the shore of the Mediterranean, 33 miles by rail southeast of Spezia (Map: Italy, E 4). The scenery is attractive, and there are excellent bathing facilities. There is a monument erected to Shelley, who was drowned near Viareggio. Population (connnune), in 1001, 17,166. VIA SA'CRA. See Sacred Way. VIAT'ICUM (Lat., journey-money, provision for a jotirney). The word applied in ecclesiasti- cal terminology to the communion administered to dying persons. The special ministration of the j'lucharist to the riving was (lie one excep- tional case in which, during the times of rigor- ous canonical penance, the penitents were ad- mitted to the comnmnion lieforc the completion of the appointed cycle of penance. The Roman Cath- olic Church, which in all other cases requires an absolute fast from the midnight before com- munion, dispenses dying persons from this obliga- tion. The viaticum may be given frequently during the same sickness, at intervals anciently of ten or seven days, but by the modern prac- tice even daily, should it be earnestly desired by the sick person. VIATJD, ve'6', .luLiEX. A French writer. See LoTi, Pierbe. VIBERT, ve'bar', Jean Georges (1840-1902). A French genre painter, born in Paris and edu- cated at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where he was a pupil of Barrias and Pieot. He first exhibited in 1863, his early productions being in the grand style, such as "Repentance," "Narcis- sus Transformed into a Flower," "Christian Martyrs in the Lion's Den," and "Entry of Bull Fighters." His material success began when he turned his attention to genre, for which the pop- ular demand was large, producing "Roll Call After the Pillage," and following it with a long succession of subjects mainly drawn from clerical life. In the satirical vein are "The Cardinal's Menu;" "The Missionary's Story" (Collis P. Huntington) ; "The Convent Under Arms;" "The Wonderful Sauce:" "The Antechamber of Mon- seigneur;" "The Startled Confessor;" and four others in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. In 1867 he was one of the five who originated the Society of French Aquarellists, which, under his presidency, had an influence in raising the technical standard of the Salon. VIBORG, ve'borG. A government occupying the southeastern part of Finland, Russia (Map: Russia, C 2). Area, 13,525 square miles, exclusive of its portion of Lake Ladoga (q.v.). The coast region along the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga is low and exceedingly indented. The interior is rocky and moimtainous and interspersed with marshes and lakes. The latter occupy one-tenth of the total area and are connected with each other by short streams. The chief rivers are Kvmenne and the ^'uoxen. Viborg has exten- sive deposits of building stone, copper, lead, and iron. Agriculture is less developed than in most regions of Finland, owing to the scarcity of suita- ble land and the severity of the climate. Rye, oats, and barley are grown. The forests occupy a large part of the area and are an important source of income. Hunting and fishing also give occupation to many of the inliabitants. The manufacturing industries are higlily developed, and the annual value of manufactures is over $6,000,000. chiedy lumber and other products of wood and paper, leather, metal products, and articles of rubber and bone. The commerce is mainly with Russia. Popuhition, in 1897, 394,- 412. cliiclly Finns. VIBORG (Finnish Wiipuri). The capital of the Government of Viborg, in Finland. Russia, and a third-class fortress, situated at the north- ern end of a deep inlet of the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of the Saiina Canal and about 75 miles northwest of Saint Petersburg (Map: Rus- sia. C 2). It is a clean, well-built town, with an ancient castle now used as a jirison. It has a schocd of navigation and a museum. The har- bor is not sulliciently deep for large vessels,