Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/144

VETO. VETO (Lat., I forbid). In its most general application, the power of the chief executive of a government to negative the acts and resolutions of the legislature. There are several forms and degrees of veto power, namely, the suspensive, qualified, and absolute vetoes, and the so-called ‘pocket’ veto. The suspensive veto is the form employed in France, where the President is empowered to suspend the operation of any law passed by the legislature and demand its reconsideration by that body. If, however, the bill is repassed by the ordinary majority it becomes a valid law, notwithstanding the disapproval of the President. The qualified veto is the form most generally employed in constitutional States. It allows the executive a negative on all bills passed by the legislature, subject to the power of the legislature to override the effect of the veto by an extraordinary majority. The absolute veto is one which cannot be overridden by the legislature either by the usual or extraordinary majority. The ‘pocket’ veto will be defined later in the article.

The veto is the remnant of the more extensive legislative power formerly possessed by the Crown. This power was gradually cut down until only the veto power remained. In Great Britain the right of veto was unquestioned from the time of the Tudors until the Revolution of 1688. From then it was used more sparingly until 1708, when the refusal of Queen Anne to give her assent to a militia bill was the last instance of its exercise by an English sovereign.

In the American colonies the royal governors, were given the authority to veto any measure passed by the colonial legislatures, while in all the colonies except Rhode Island and Connecticut and possibly Maryland the King or the proprietaries had an absolute veto on all measures, even though approved by the Governor. In the Constitutional Convention of 1787 Gerry introduced the principle of the Massachusetts veto and after much discussion it was ultimately adopted. The clause provides that every bill which shall have passed the two Houses shall be presented to the President for his signature; if he approve it he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his objections to the House in which it originated. The two Houses are then required to enter the objections upon their respective journals and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of each House shall approve the measure it shall become law, notwithstanding the executive veto. If any bill is not returned by the President within ten days (Sundays not included) after presentation to him it shall become law without his signature unless Congress by adjournment prevent its return. This is the so-called ‘pocket’ veto. The most notable instances of the exercise of the veto power by the chief executive of the United States were the vetoes of the bills for the recharter of the United States Bank by Presidents Jackson and Tyler; the veto of the Civil Rights, Freedmen's Bureau, and Reconstruction bills by President Johnson; and the veto of the currency-inflation bill by President Grant. The veto power was used rather sparingly by the first six Presidents. President Cleveland during his first term vetoed 301 bills, or nearly twice as many as had all his predecessors combined. The majority of President Cleveland's vetoes were

private pension bills which had passed with little or no opposition, and only two of these were passed over his veto. The principle of the veto has been incorporated in all the State Constitutions except those of Delaware, North Carolina, Ohio, and Rhode Island, in which the legislative authority is vested in the Legislature alone. Consult Mason, The Veto Power (Boston, 1891).  VET′TER, or WETTER,. A lake in Sweden, second in size to (q.v.). It lies about 25 miles southeast of the latter, and 115 miles southwest of Stockholm (Map:, F 7). It is of elongated shape, with a length of 82 miles and a maximum breadth of about 14 miles, and has an area of 738 square miles. It occupies a deep inclosed valley whose bottom is below sea level, the altitude of the lake surface being 289 feet, and the depth of the water 390 feet. The shores are high, steep, and picturesque, and the water is remarkably clear. The lake receives no streams of much size, and is supposed to be fed by springs below the surface. Peculiar disturbances, such as rapid currents, sudden waves and eddies without apparent cause, and periodic fluctuations in the level, support this theory. The outlet of the lake is the Motala River, discharging eastward into the Baltic. This river has been canalized, and the Göta Canal connects the lake with Lake Vener, thus making it a link in the transpeninsular waterway. The chief town on Lake Vetter is Jönköping, near its southern extremity.  VEUILLOT,, (1813-83). A French ultramontane publicist and author, born at Boynes (Loiret). Entirely self-educated, he began his literary career as a contributor to journals supporting the government, edited from 1831 the Echo de Rouen and from 1837 in Paris the Charte de 1830 and afterwards La Paix. After a visit to Rome in 1836 he had become the most uncompromising representative of ultramontanism in France and as contributor to (since 1843) and editor of (since 1848) its chief organ, the Univers Religieux, upheld with great talent and reckless energy the claims of the papacy to unrestricted dominion over Church and State. His violent polemics against the Italian policy of Napoleon III. in 1860 led to the suppression of the Univers, which was not allowed to appear again until 1867. During the Council of the Vatican (1869-70) he succeeded by threats and denunciations in holding at bay the remotest Gallican manifestations on the part of the French episcopate. His political influence reached its height under the government of the so-called moral order in 1877, whereafter, confined to his room by gout, he only seldom imparted his opinions through the medium of the Univers. Of his numerous publications, including edifying romances and saintly stories, political, historical, and literary essays, and poems, may be mentioned: Pélerinages de Suisse (1838, 21st ed., 1894), Pierre Saintive (1840), Rome et Lorette, (1841 and frequently after), Les Français en Algérie (1845, 10th ed., 1889), Les libres penseurs (1848), L'esclave Vindex (1849), Le parfum de Rome (1861, 12th ed., 1890), Historiettes et fantaisies (1862), Les odeurs de Paris (1866, 10th ed., 1876), Les couleuvres (1869), a collection of poems, Paris pendant les deux sièges (1871), Rome pendant le Concile (1872), Molière et Bourdaloue (1877),