Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/927

* VAIHINGEK. 791 VAISESHIKA. I include: Goethe als Ideal uiiiverseller Bildung (1875) ; Uartmann, Diihring und Lange (1876) ; and the valuable critique Nietzsche aU Fhilosoph (2d od. ly02). VAIL> vfU, Alfred (1807-59). An American inventor, born near Jlorristown. X. J. He gradu- ated at the L'niversit}- of the City ot" Mew York in 1830. In September, 1837, he entered into partnership with Prof. S. F. 13. .Morse, agreeing to supply the funds necessary to bring .Morse's newly invented telegraph before the public, and to construct a practicable model at liis father's iron works at fSpeedwell, near Morristora, X. J. In January, 1838, the model was completed, ami on the 23d was first publiclj' exhibited at the University of New York. When in 1843 work was begun on an experimental line between Washington and Baltimore. i became as- sistant superintendent. He suggested so many improvements to Jlorse's original machine, as did also Joseph Henry (q.v.), that the instru- ment used to-day is the product of the latter two men rather than of its original inventor. Consult Pope, "The .A^merican Inventors of the Telegraph." in The Century, vol. xxxv. (New York, 1S8S). VAILIMA (vl-le'ma) LETTEKS. . series of letters written from Samoa by Robert Louis Stevenson between X'ovember, 1890. and October, 1894. They are addressed to Sidnej- Colvin and contain a varied record of his Samoan exile. The title is derived from the name given by Stevenson to his island home. VAILLANT, va'yiiN', JIarie Edouabd (1840 — ). A French socialist, born at Vierzon (Cher), and educated in Paris, where he studied engineer- ing and then medicine, and in Heidelberg. Tubin- gen, and Vienna. .4fter his return to Paris in 1870 he took a prominent part in the Government of the Commune and served for a time as Min- ister of Education. He escaped to London on the downfall of the Commune, became a member of the general committee of the Internationale (q.v.), took part in the Hague conference in 1872, and in the same year was sentenced to death in coittiiiiiaciain by the Conseil de Guerre, -fter the amnesty of 1880 he returned to Paris, and in 1884 was elected to the municipal council, where he advocated the suppression of standing armies, national control of public services, and various socialistic measures. He opposed Boulangism very strongly, at the same time attacking the op- portunism of the radical Republicans. In 1893 he secured a seat in the House of Deputies, and he was reelected in 1898. ■VAIR. One of the tinctures in heraldry (q.v.). VAISESHIKA, vi-slia'she-ka. The name of one of the two great divisions of the Siiuya (q.v.) scliool of Hindu philosophy, and probably a later development of the Nyaya itself, properly so called. It agrees with the latter in its analy- tical method of treating the subjects of human research, but differs from it in tiie arrangement of topics and more especially in its doctrine of atomic individualities or viirsas — whence its name is derived. The topics or categories (pndSrtlias) under which Kanada (q.v.). the founder of this sys- tem, arranges his subject-matter, are the follow-- ing six: (1) substance, (2) quality, (3) action, (4) generality, (5) atomic individuality, and (B) co-inherence; and later writers of his school add to these a seventh category, non-existence. These may be explained more precisely. (I) Substance is the intimate cause of an aggregate etl'eet ; it is that in which quiilities abide, ami in which action takes plac-e. It is ninefold — eartli, water, light, air, ether, time, space, soul, and mamtx, or the organ of affection. (2) Quality ia united with substance: it comprises, according to the conmientator, the following twenty-four elements: color, savor, odor, feeling, number, di- mension, individualit}', conjunction, diseonjunc- tion. priority, posteriority, gravity, lluidity. vis- cidity, sound, understanding, pleasure, pain, de- sire, aversion, volition or ciiort, merit, demerit, and self-restitution. Seven of these are later ad- ditions to Kanada's list. That qualities belong to the soul is maintained by the Vaiseshikas in op- position to the Vedantists and Sankhyas. (3) .Action consists in motion, and abides in substance alone. (4) Generality abides in substance, qual- ity, and action. It is of two kinds, higher and lower, or genus and species. (5) Atomic in- dividuality resides in eternal substances, by which are meant manas. soul, time, space, ether, earth, water, light, and air; it is the ultimate difference, technically called visesa; such differ- ences are endless; and two atoms of the same substance, though homogeneous with each other, differ merely in so far as thej- exclude each other. (6) Co-inherence, or perpetual intimate connection, resides in things which cannot exist independently from one another, siich as the jiarts and the whole, quality and the thing quali- fied, action and agent, species ami individual, atomic individuality and eternal substance. (7) Xon-existence, the last category, added to the foregoing by the modern Vaiseshikas, is defined by them as being either nonexistence, which is without beginning, but has an end ; or non- existence, which has a beginning, but no end; or absolute non-existence, which, ex'tending through all time, has neither beginning nor end; or mutual non-existence, which is the reciprocal negation of identity. The nature of each of these substances, qualities, and actions, is then the subject of special investigation. It is worthy of especial notice that, according to the Vaiseshika system, imderstanding is the quality of soul, and the instruments of right notion are treated under the head of 'understanding' [budtlhi). Kanada admits of only two such instruments, or ])raniuniis, perception and inference. Comparison, revelation, and the other instruments of tight notion, mentioned in other systems, the com- mentators endeavor to show are included in these two. Fallacies and other modes of inconclusive reasoning are fiirther dealt with in connection with 'inference,' though with less detail than in the Xyaya, where these topics are favorite topics for discussion. In point of time the Vaii5eshika system ante- dates that of the Vedanta (q.v.) and may be re- ferred to some time not long before the Christian Era. The work of its reputed founder, Kanada, has been commented upon by a triple set of commentaries, and popularized in several ele- mentary treatises. The te.vt with the connnen- tary of Sanlcara Mi^ra was edited at Calcutta in 1S61 by .Jayanarayana Tarka Panehanana, who added to it a gloss of his own ; and some of