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* VACHEROT. 790 VAIHINGER. (2d ed. 1863), coutiiining the development of his philosophical system, he wrote Essais de philosophie critique (1864), La religion (1868), La science et la conscience (1870), La politique cxiirieure de la r^publique (1881), Lc nouveau spirilualisme (1884), La democratie liberate (1802), and others. For his bfbgraphy consult Olle-Lapruue (Paris, 1898). VACUUM. See AiE Pump. VA'DIA'NUS, Jo.CHiM (1484-1551). A Swiss reformer and humanist, whose real name was Von Watt. He was born in Saint-Gall, was educated there and in Vienna, and became instructor in classics at the University of Vienna. He returned to Saint-Gall in 1518 to practice medicine. But his great work there was as a reformer and a friend of Zwingli, and it was largely due to his inlluence that Saint-Gall in 1525-27 went over entirely to the Protestant Church. He took a prominent part in the re- ligious colloquies of 'Zurich (1523), and of Bern (1528), and corresponded with Luther and Eras- mus. He wrote a Chronicle of the Abbey of Saint-Gall, edited by GJitzinger with Vadianus's other German works (1875-77), and a Commen- tarius in Poniponium Mclnn (1518). Consult: Geilsius, J. v. Watt als geographischer Schrift- stcller (Winterthur, 1865); PrefTel, J. Tadian (Elberfeld, 1861) ; and Gotzinger, J. v. Watt (Halle, 1805). VADIMO'NIAN LAKE (Lat. Tadimonius Laciis). A small circular lake in Etruria, now Lago di Bassano. It is famed as the scene of two Eoman victories over the Etruscans : the first in B.C. 309 under the dictator Papirius Cursor, the second in B.C. 283 mder the consul Dolabella. VADUZ, vii'duts. The capital of the Princi- pality of Liechtenstein (Map: Austria. A3). It is charmingly situated near the right side of the Rhine, at an elevation of 1525 feet, and is on the Feldkirch-Buchs branch of the Austrian State Kailway. It is near the Three Sisters (6880 feet). The town has a new Ciothie parish church and a castle, which, destroved by the Swiss in 1499, was rebuilt in 1523-26. The tower of the castle dates from the ninth century. Population, in 1900, 1150. VAENIUS, Ger. pron. va'ne-us; Lat. pron. ve'ni-us. Otto. See Veen, Octavio van. VAGA, va'ga, Peking del (1500-47). An Italian decorative painter, born in Florence. His real name was Buanaccorsi. He studied first at Florence imder Vaga, and after his removal to Rome he became an assistant of Raphael. As such he assisted in the stucco and arabesque decorations of the Loggia of the Vatican, and executed some of the Scriptural subjects there, which go by the name of 'Raphael's Bible,' and the figures of the planets in the great hall of the Appartamcnto Borgia, in the Vatican. After the sack of Rome in 1.527 he went to Genoa, where he decorated the Doria Palace with stuccoes and frescoes in a style similar to that adopted by Giulio Romano at Mantua, with subjects from classical fables. Later Perino returned to Rome, where he designed a number of facades, hall and ehureh frescoes, and with Daniele da Volterra decorated the Sala Reggia in the Vatican. VAGANTES, v?i-gan'tez (Lat., wanderers). The name given to the itinerant students and clerics of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, indistinguishable often from the wandering min- strels and clowns who form so picturesque a feature of mediaeval life. They are known for the bod}' of satirical literature in Latin which they created, commonly designated as Goliardie literature (q.v. ). VAGARSHAPAT, va-gar'sha-pat. A village of Russia. See under Etchmiadzi.. VAGINA (Lat., sheath). One of the sexual organs in the female. It is a sheath from four to seven inches long, into which open the uterus and the urethra. It lies behind the bladder and in front of the rectum, and it is lined with mu- cous membrane. Its external opening is called the vulva, which is formed by the apposition of the two lahia majora. VAGRANT. In law, a term of broad applica- tion including, in general, all 'idle and disorder- ly' persons who may become a menace to the public peace or a public burden. The statutes in Great Britain and the United States differ in details, but are elastic enough to cover such di- verse classes as unlicensed peddlers, beggars, drunkards, fortune-tellers, prostitutes, notorious criminals, etc., as well as the specific tramp (q.v.). VAHLEN, vii'lcn, Johannes (1830—). A German philologist, born in Bonn, where he stud- ied at the university, and became privat-docent in 1854. In 1856 he was made professor in Bres- lau, in 1858 at Vienna, and in 1874 in Berlin. Among his writings are to be noted especially: Ennianw Pocsis Rcliqiiiw (1854); Sa-rii de Bello Punico Peliqui-w {lS5i) ; Veher die Ammlen Mcnwchmi of Plautus (1882) ; Veber die Annalen des Ennius (1886); Vlpiani Liber Regulanim (1856) ; and Cicero de Legihus (2d ed. 1883) ; a critical edition of Aristotle's Poetics (3d ed. 1885); Lorenzo Valla (2d ed. 1870); Laurentii Yalhc Opuscula (1869); and many articles in periodicals. For several years he was co-editor of the periodical Hermes, and also of the Zeit- schrift fiir osfcrreichische Gymnasicn. VAIGATCH, vi-gach'. An island in the Arctic Ocean belonging to the Russian Govern- ment of Archangel, between the mainland and Xova Zcmbla (Map: Russia, J I). It is sepa- rated from the latter by the Kara Strait, and from the mainland by the Yugor Strait, while its eastern coast is washed by the Kara Sea. It is about 70 miles long and 25 miles wide, with an area of 1400 square miles, and is tra- versed lengthwise by a range of mountains be- longing to the Ural system. The climate is cold and the vegetation very scanty. The island is permanently inhabited by a few Samoyeds, but in summer it is visited by a number of Russians for its fisheries and the fur-bearing animals. VAIHINGER, v!'hlng-er, Hans (1852—). A German philosophical critic, born in Xehren, and educated at Tiibingen, Leipzig, and Berlin. He became docent at Strassburg in 1877. and pro- fessor in 1883. and in 1884 went to Halle as pro- fessor of philosophy and pedagogy'. He is known as a critic of Kant. He edited Kantstudien (1896 et seq.), and wrote a Kommcntar zu Kants Kritik der reinen rernM»fi( 1881-82) ; Kant — ein Mctaplnjsil-Fr? (1889) ; and Die transcendcntale Deduction dcr Kategorieni 1902) . His other works