Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/923

* VACCINATION. 787 VACCINATION. of vaccination in its proper place among pro- phylactic procedures. His exjierinients were very niniierou.s and accurate. The first mention of individuals occurs in the history of the inocula- tion on ilay 14, 1790. of the eisht-year-old James Phipps with vaccine virus from a vesicle on the person of a milkmaid, Sarah Xelwes, who had accidentally acquired cowpox. This was prob- ably the first vaccination of a patient with humanized virus of the first generation. Phipps developed a typical case of cowpox. and sub- sequent attempted inoculation with smallpox virus ]iroved negative. Jenner followed this ex- periment with an inoculation with bovine virus, and then inoculating from individual to indi- vidual for five generations, securing perfect im- munity from smallpox iu all eases. When both facts were establislied he put forth his remark- Italy, Germany, Switzerland. Holland,- Norway, Sweden, Kussia, Spain, and Portugal. Dr. Pear- son, of London, was at the head of a vaccination institute founded in 170!) by the advocates of Jenner's theory. Jenner founded, in 1803, the Royal Institute for the Extermination of Small- pox, which he directed for many years. Both in- stitutions vaccinated people free of charge and supplied virus for other countries. To Luigi Saeco, a physician of Milan, is due credit sec- ond only to Jenner's, for a life-long service in belialf of preventive vaccination, equine and ovine inoculation, and retro-inoculation. To Sacco the world owes the final adoption of ani- mal (bovine) virus in place of humanized virus. Statistics of the Utility of Vaccixation. During the pandemic of smallpox which raged through Europe from 1870 to 1873 an excellent able publication, An Inquiry info the Causes and opportunity was afforded for a test of the utility of vaccination. The greater part of PRUSSIA. With compulsory vaccina- tion and compolsory re- vacciuationat the age of 12. Dsrora the Lhv. After the Uw ol 1S74 was PosGcd. Avemtje jrwrlyDcithi from Siuall- rot in every 100,000 InhBbitaiita. II...III.I.. Annual Deaths from smnll-poi In every 100,000 InbabiUiiU. HOLLAND. With compulsory vaccination of cbildreB before eoterlDg a 5chool. Beforo the Cr in evt-ry lOO.OOiJ iiiliabilBQti. AUSTRIA. Without compulsory HS6S-1S71 Average >*0jlyDcitli9 tmn small- 1.01 meveiy 100.000 inlnbitooW. Effects of the Variolfe Taecinice, Known by the yame of the Con-pox (170S). This work was translated into Latin and all the European lan- guages, and excited much attention, as well as opposition. Vaccinations were frequent and nu- merous, and many representative and noted phy- sicians declared themselves as advocates of the theory and practice, in England, France, Austria, the German army had been vacci- nated in childhood, and all upon en- tering service in the Fninco-Prus- sian War. In the French army regular vaccination had not been practiced, and revaccination was 120 neglected. The mortality in the German army was 450, or 58 men to every 100,000; in the French army "" the mortality was 23,400. At the same time, in Chemnitz, Saxony, ,(,(, 83.9 per cent, of the inhabitants were vaccinated, 8.9 per cent, were unvacciuated. and 7.3 per cent, had » previously had smallpox. Altogether, 5.6 per cent, w-ere attacked by the disease during the epidemic, or '0 one case among every 56.7 of the vaccinated to one among every 2.2 of the unvacciuated. That is, ■" the morbidity for the unvaccinated was 26 times greater than that for the vaccinated (Flinzer). To turn to earlier days, between 1796 and 1802 there died on an average an- .jo nually of smallpox in Bohemia 7663 people out of a total of abouv 3.000,000. During a period of twTn- -10 ty-four years after the introduction of compulsory vaccination, there died annually of the smallpox 287 -^ people out of a total population of about 4.2.50.000. In Berlin there died of variola from 261 to 40" |>er- ~" sons annually between 17.'i8and 1800. After this date, when vaccination became comjuilsorv, there died from this same disease from 2 to 40 per- sons annually between 1810 and 1869. Neglect of revaccination. the importance of which was not then recognized, raised the mortality from variola in Berlin, during 1S70 to 1874. to a yearly average of 160. During a smallpox epidemic in London in 1803, Buchanan and Seatnn made an examination of .50.000 children who were exposeil to the con- tagion. Some of the children had never been vaccinated; the large majority had been vacci- nated in various manners and degrees. Of every 1000 children without any mark of vaccination, no fewer than 360 had scars of smallpox; while Annual DeiilU!i from small ju.x ine*..Ti-100,000 inhabllaiits.
 * i»68-1674