Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/918

* UTILITARIANISM. 782 UTRECHT. iarianism (ib., 1882) : T. H. Green, Introduction 1o Hume (Oxford, 1875) ; id.. Prolegomena to Ethics (ib., 1883) ; Watson, Hedonistic Theories from Aristipjins to t^peneer (Glasgow, 1895) ; Goniperz, Kritik des Hedoniamui (Stuttgart, 1898) ; Stepbcn, The Enfllish I'tilitariaiis (Lon- don, 1900) ; Albee, Eiifflish Utilitarianism (ib., 1901 ). See also Ethics. UTO'PIA (NeoLat.. from Gk. oi, o«, not + t6tos, topos, place). An impracticable scbeme of social regeneration, an imaginary state of so- ciet', an ideal country where all things are per- fect. The term as thus used goes back to the Utopia of Sir Thomas More (q.v.), a political ro- mance descriptive of a happj' societj' on an imagi- nary island. This work originally appeared in Latin at Louvain in 1516 under the title De Optimo Reipublicw Statu deque yova Insula U'topia and was translated into English by Bishop Burnet. The romance was a disguised exposition of a liberal and rationalistic theory of society, including certain principles that would now be called socialistic. Far from being so unique that it might have been expected to give a generic name to ideal commonwealths, .the Utopia is only one of a long series of similar dreams. First in order of both time and im- portance is Plato's BepubUc, the chief thought of which is that ideal justice can be established only in a commonwealth where every individual has that place in the division of labor for which he is fitted by nature, and where all aflfairs are directed by the men of superior wisdom, whose government should extend even to provision for the nurture and education of children brought into the world under a system of stirpiculturc. Plu- tarch's Life of Lyeurgus idealizes the socialistic State of the Spartans. Bacon's Xew Atlantis '(1624-29) pictures a commonwealth in which all men attain happiness through a regulation of life by science. Campenella's City of the Sun (1637) portrays a community where all live to- gether in public buildings, working only four hours a day, and despising idleness. Very dif- ferent in its ideal of society is .James Harring- ton's Oceana (1656), a book which emphasizes the Aristotelian idea of a natural aristocracy among men, and develops fully the thouglit of personal liberty established under parliamentary government. It exercised a great influence upon the minds of American political thinkers during and after the Revolution. Other Utopias more or less influential have been the Voyage en Sa- lente in Fenelon's T&emaque ; Cabet's Voyage en Icarie (1840), a Utopia of the modern prole- tariat; Bub-er Lvtton's The Coming Race (1871); BeWamy'a 'hooking Backward (1889); William Morris's Neus from 'Nowhere (1890), in which joy in beautiful work is to be the true social bond: and Hertzka's Freiland (1891). Some of the more important works mentioned, excepting Plato's Republic, and the nineteenth- century romances, are reprinted in Morley's Ideal Commonwealths (1886). UTRAQUISTS (from Lat. utraque, nom. pi. neu. of xitcrque. both, either). A name at first given to all those members of the Western Church, in the fifteenth century, principally followers of John Huss, who contended for the administration of the Eucharist to the biity under both kinds: but in later times restricted to one particular section of the Hussites, although all the members of that sect alike claimed this as a fundamental principle of their Church discipline. See Calixtixes: Hussites. UTRECHT, u'trekt. Dutch pron. vi'treKt. A province of the Netherlands, bounded by the Zuyder Zee and the provinces of North Holland, Geiderland, and Soutli Holland (Map: Nether- lands, D 2). Area, 534 square miles. It lies mainly in the Rhine basin and has a low, level surface. Agriculture, dairying, and cattle-lireed- intr are the principal industries. Population, in 1899, 251,034. Capital, Utrecht (q.v.). UTRECHT. A city of the Netherlands, tha capital of the province of the same name. It is situated 22 miles southeast of Amsterdam (Map: Netherlands. D 2). The Rhine separates here into the Old Rliine and the canalized Vecht, and there are also canals traversing the city. Utrecht is a strong outpost of defense for Amster- dam. The site of the former fortifications sur- rounding the city are (since 18.30) lined by water- courses and agreeable promenades. Quaint houses and artistic street scenes are to be seen at every hand, the Ciothic being freely in evidence. The famous Ciothic cathedral (thirteenth cen- tury), rising in the centre of the town, is the most prominent edifice, and marks the spot where the church of Dagobert and of Saint Wille- brord stood. It ranked high for arcliiteetural beauty until the nave, which has never been re- stored, fell in in 1674 as the result of a storm, thus separating the tower from the rest of the church. The tower, 338 feet high, was begun in 1321. It has a chime of 42 bells. The grace- ful GJothic cloisters which merit notice connect the cathedral with the famous university (q.v.). The 'Pope's house,' built by Pope Adrian VI., a native of Utrecht, now contains municipal of- fices. The splendid archiepiscopal museum is noteworthy for its rare vestments, embroideries, carvings, etc., all representative of Cliristian art. The Museum Kunsthefde is in the building of the Society of Arts and Sciences, and contains a few notable pictures b_v Scorel. The art-indus- trial Museum van Kunstn}^^erheid, the Fleshers' Hall, and the mint possess some interest. On the east extends the Malieban — a triple boule- vard shaded by six rows of large old lime trees. It leads to Hoogeland Park, and to the Anti- quarian Museum,, which is housed in an edifice of (ireek pattern. The museum contains many varieties of antiquities belonging to Roman, Ger- manic, and mediiBval times. The interesting royal Chateau of Soestdyk. where the reigning family often sojourns, is a few miles to the north. Besides the university with its numerous col- lateral institutions, including laboratories and a museum, Utrecht has the only veterinary school in the Netherlands, and an important meteorolo- gical observatory. The Historical Society and the Society of Arts and Sciences hold a leading rank. The large university library is in the palace erected for King Louis Napoleon. The military hospital was founded liy Napoleon I. Lftrecht has manufactures of cloth, woolens, silk, velvet, carpets, carriages, organs, cigars, chemicals, etc. The population in 1901 was 106.S00. About one- third of the inhabitants are Catholics. In ad- dition to the Roman Catholic archbishop, Utrecht