Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/902

* xrsES. 770 trSSHEB. ■was conveyed to a third person, with the under- standing or an express declaration that it was to be held to the nse of the religious person or corporation intended to be the real donee. When this practice was first introduced, this obligation could only be enforced by threats of exconiniuni- cation from the Church. Afterwards the Chan- cellor, who was usually appointed from the clergy, assumed jurisdiction over such convey- ances, and eni])Ioyed the power of the courts of equity to enforce the use. This effect of such conveyances aroused the hostility of the King and great lords of the realm, which culminated in the enactment of the famous statute of '27 Henry VIII. c. 10, commonly known as the Stat- ute of Uses. This act provided, in effect, that where a conveyance was made under the circum- stances above described, the beneficiary should receive the legal estate as well as the right to the profits, etc., and also be liable to the lord for the feudal duties. The statute only temporarily accomplished its purpose, as the courts of equity speedily evolved the law of 'trusts,' which were practically the same as 'uses.' but under a dif- ferent name. However, the statute had the im- portant effect of making possible the creation of legal estates to begin in the future without mak- ing them legal remainders. The system of con- veyancing made possible by the Statute of Uses was finally superseded by the practice of trans- ferring property by deeds of 'bargain and sale.' The law of uses, as modified by the Statute of Uses, became a part of the common law of the United States, and still obtains in many States, but has been expressly abolished in a few juris- dictions, including New York. Consult G!ilbert, Law of Uses and Trusts (3d ed., London, 1811), and the authorities referred to under Real Prop- erty; also see Trust. USHAK, oo-shak'. A town of the Vilayet of Brusa, Asia Jlinor, Turkey, 12.5 miles east-north- east of Smyrna (Jlap: Turkey in Asia, C 3). It is noted for its carpet manufactures. Popula- tion, in 1900, 13,084 (estimated). USH'ANT. An island in the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to the Department of Finistfere, France, 13 miles west of the northwest end of Brittany (Map: France, A3). To the French it is known as the Isle d'Ouessant. Area, square miles. The shores are rocky. Ushant has modern forti- fications, and is used for military purposes. Naval battles between the French and English occurred off the island in 1770 and 1704. Popula- tion, in 1901, 2717, mostly pilots and fishers. USHAS, usli'ns (from Skt. vas, ti.j, to burn; connected with Gk. 'Hcis, Eos, Lat. Aurora, Lith. aus::r(i, dawn, and ultimately Avith Eng. east). In Vedic India, the goddess of the dawn. The Eig-Veila devotes twenty hymns to her. and al- ludes hundreds of times to her as the divine per- sonification of the morning light. The fiery steeds or ruddy cows that draw her shining car represent clouds and beams of light that issue from the stall of darkness as she throws open the portals of day. Born each day, and therefore ever young, she reminds mankind of the tran- sitoriness of human life, and by her return day after day she stands as a symbol of the divine order in heaven. The sky is her father; night is her sister ; the sun, her lover and spouse : and the twin Asvin.s, as embodiments of the transi- tion of light and darkness at the dawn and even- ing twilights, are her kin. The sacrificial fire kindled at daybreak is a signal of her approach (see Aci.i), and she then arouses the worshiper to prayer. She answers his petitions by bestow- ing riches, long life, offspring, glor-y and re- nown, in fact, all the blessings that belong to daily life. In the post-Vedic period the impor- tance of Ushas is lost, and now she is a mere name in the Hindu mythology. Consult: Mac- donell, ^'cdic Mythology (Strassburg, 1897); Hopkins, Religions of India (Boston. 1895) : Wil- kins, Hindu Mythology (2d ed., London, 1900). TJSH'EB, James. A British archbishop. See USSHER. TJSHUAIA, oo'shoo-a'ya. The capital of the Territory of Ticrra del Fuego, Argentina, on the southern coast of the island of Tierra del Fuego, on the Beagle Channel (Map: Argentina, D 14). It is a miserable native village, whose inhabit- ants, through the efforts of English missionaries, speak English better than Spanish. TJSKUP, uskup', USKUB, or SKOPLIE. The capital of the Vilayet of Kossovo. European Turkey, IfiO miles northwest of Saloniki, on the Vardar River (Map: Balkan Peninsula, C 4). In 1900 it carried on a trade of nearly $5,- 000,000. The chief articles of commerce are opium, grain, live stock, fruit and tobacco. Leather and dyestuffs are the principal manu- factured products. Population, about 40,000. USNEA, us'ne-a (Neo-Lat., from Ar. usuah, moss). The small genus of lichens typical of the family Usneei. The species are generally grayish or straw-colored and pendulous, and from their resemblance to southern or Spanish moss (Telandsia) are often called tree-mosses. They are most common upon trees in cool regions, but also grow upon rocks. They are called beard- moss, luinging-moss, and necklace-moss. See Col- ored Plate of Mosses A.yo Lichens under Musci. TJS'SHER, James (1.580-1656), Archbishop of Armagh, commonly considered the most learned prelate of the Irish Protestant Church. He was bom in Dublin, January 4, 1580. In 1593-04 he entered Trinity College, Dublin, where his predi- lection for history soon revealed itself. In 1601 he was ordained deacon and priest, and was ap- pointed preaclier of Christ Church. Dublin. In 1007 he was chosen to the chair of divinity, a post which he held for thirteen years. He made numerous visits to England and became ac- quainted with the most distinguished scholars of the age. In 1013 his first publication apjieared, entitled De Ecclesiarum Christianarum Succes- sione et f^tatu, which was designed as a continua- tion of Bishop Jewell's Apology. In 1615 he was appointed by a convocation of the clergy held at Dublin to draw up a series of articles relating to • the doctrine and discipline of the Irish Prot- estant Church, in which the doctrines of predes- tination and reprobation (of which Ussher was an unflinching apologist) found prominence. These and other views, such as that bishops were not a different order from presbyters, implied in the studied omission of all reference to such distinction, that the Sabbath should be strictly enforced, and that no toleration shoidd be granted to Catholics, laid him open to the charge of Puritanism. Nevertheless. King James promoted him to the Bishopric of Meath and