Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/901

* USE-INHERITANCE. 769 USES. that such a mutilation was not transmitted. At tho present time the alleged transmission of mutilations or various lesions, as tattooing or flattening of the head, is not proved. On the other hand, the Lamarckian principle of the in- heritance of characters formed by adaptation to changes in the physical environment, changes of climate, as well as those resulting from use or disuse, or any kind of external stimulus, al- though denied by Weismann and his followers, have not been disproved. Adaptation to a dilTer- ent medium from tluit of their ancestors, as in the case of birds and insects, is the result of use-inheritance. Very obvious examples are the cetaceans where, by change from terrestrial to aquatic habits, the legs have been converted into fin-like members. Another instance is the ac- quired habit of pointing in the pointer breed, cases being known of young dogs pointing with- out having been trained. The habit of holding the tail erect is an acquired one in dogs, as the wolf and fox never elevate the tail. The senile expression of the face in children of old parents is claimed to be an example of such inlieritance. Such examples as these prove that, as Eimer states, ever}' character formed by the fimctional activity of the animal is an acquired cluiracter. The changes begin during the lifetime of the in- dividual, become transmitted (or at least the tendency), until after a number of generations, the new conditions becoming permanent, the new characters are formed, and these are preserved l)y use-inheritance. The experimental proofs of use-inheritance have accumulated sufficiently to prove that, where tlie changed climate, or temperature and moisture or dryness of the air, remain the same, the new characters are transmitted. In plants, where use or disuse do not come into play, the changes of station, of climate, temperature, soil, and nu- trition, when permanent, result in the formation of new varieties and species, according to the Lamarckian principle. It is maintained that the transmission of acquired characters, struc- tural. ]diysiologieal, and mental, is demanded by tlie theory of evolution. Weismann's objection to use-inheritance is that modifications of the animal are acquired anew in every inilividual life and cannot be transmitted. It remains to be seen whether this criticism will withstand the mass of data now being accumulated. Consult the writings of Lamarck, Darwin. Koelliker, Eimer. Cope. Herbert Spencer, Galton, Hyatt, Weismann, Standfuss, Fisclier. Packard. Piepers, Kidd. and others. See Evolution; Heredity. USENER, oo'zener, Herm. n (1834—). A Gernuin classical philologist, born at Weilburg- on-the-Lahn. He became professor at the Uni- versity of Bonn in LStitJ. His work has covered many fields, both literary and philosophical. Es- pecially important are his studies in the history of religion. His published works include AiiPcdoteii Holderi (1877), Alturirrhischer Vers- bau { ISST ), Epicurea (ISSJ), bionysius Hnlicar- nensis de Imifatione, etc. (1809), Dioiii/sii Ars Rhetoriea (1895), Dionysii Opuscula (ed. with Radermacher, vol. 1., 1899), Religionsgeschicht- liche UntersuchiUKjen (1888), (lutternumen (1896), Sintflutsagen (1899), etc. U'SERTE'SEN. The name of three kings of Egypt of the Twelfth Dynasty. Usertesen I., the 2«(7-47XKJiris of Manetho, was the son and successor of Amenemhat 1. (q.v.), the founder of the dynasty. His reign of 44 years began about B.C. 1976, but for the first ten years he ruled as co-regent with his father, and for the last two years of his life his son, Amenendiat II., was associated with him on the throne. Accord- ing to a leather roll, written in the time of .Amenopbis IV., the temple of the sun at Ileliopo- lis was rebuilt in the early part of Usertesen's reign. One df the two granite obelisks erectca by Usertesen before this temple is still stand- ing; it is GO feet in height an<l is the old- est obelisk in Egi,-pt. (See OnEU.SK.) At Tanis three finely executed granite statues of the King have been found. A stele was discovered by Champollion at Wadi Haifa, near the second cataract of the Nile, containing a list of eleven Nubian tribes conquered by I'scrtesen, and an. inscription at Beni Hassan records an ex- jiedition to Xubia in the King's forty-tliird year. The remains of Usertesen's pyrannd tomb are still to be seen at Lisht, about :!0 miles south of Cairo. — Usertesen II., the fourth King of the dynasty, was the .son of Amenemhat II., and the grandson of Usertesen 1. He reigned from about n.C. 1896, being for a short tinu' co-regent with his father. A painting in a tomb at Beni Hassan, which depicts a number of Asiatics visiting the Nomareh Chnumhotep in the sixth year of Usertesen II., has been sujiposed to repre- sent the arrival in Egypt of Abraham or of the sons of Jacob, but there is no evidence in sup])ort of either theory, and both are equally improbable. Statues of Usertesen II. and of his (^ueen. Xofret, were found at HIeraconpolis and at Tanis re- spectively. The pyramid tomb of the King is at Illahun. Manetho calls this King Sesostris and ascribes to him the conquest of the world, but there is no evidence that Usertesen II. ever conducted any foreign wars. (See Sescstris.) — Usertesen III., the son and successor of User- tesen II.. reigned for at least 26 years from about B.C. 188.3. His chief energies were directed to the subjugation of Nubia; and to protect the southern frontier of his kingdom, he built two strong forts at Semneh and Kummeh, about 40 miles south of the second cataract of the Nile. Near Semneh the King set up, in the eiglith year of his reign, a boundary stone with the injunc- tion that no negro should pass it except such as came into Egypt for Uie purpose of peaceful tralhc. He was, however, compelled to under- take two subsequent expeditions against the Nubians in the sixteenth and nineteenth years of his reign, before the country was finally sub- dued. Usertesen III. built a teinple at Hera- eleopolis (q.v.) in his fourteenth regnal year. His tomb is probably the more northerly of the two brick pyramids at Dahshur known as the Black Pyramids. Consult: Wiedemann, Acqx/p- tische Gcschichte (Gotha, 1884-88) ; Petrie," A History of Egypt (New York. 1899) ; Budge. A History of Egypt (ib., 1902). ._ USES. A technical term employed to denote equitable rights to the benefits and profits of real estate, the legal title to which is in a person other than the beneficiary of the 'use.' The in- troduction of the doctrine of uses was the result of the attempts of the English clergy to evade the effects of the Statiites of ^fortmain. and to enjoy the gifts of the pious. To do this, land