Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/900

* UKTJGTJAY. 768 USE-INHERITANCE. the aid of Argentina's troops Oribe repeatedly de- feated his rival, but could not make himself master of Montevideo, which was besieged from 1842 to 1851. In the latter year the party of Ribera concluded an alliance with Brazil, and the State of Entre Eios, which, under Urquiza, had broken away from the Argentine Confederation. Oribe was overthrown; and the party of Riberas, after a short interval, was restored to power. In 1854 Venaneio Flores was elected President, but was forced to resign in the following year. There ensued a period of utter disorder marked by close successions of elections and insurrections until, in 1804. Brazil intervened to restore order, and in the following year brought Flores back to power. An alliance with Brazil and Argentina was con- cluded in the same year, directed against the dic- tator Lopez {q.v. ) of Paraguay. This war. which brought ruin upon Paraguay, terminated in 1870. Flores was assassinated early in 1868. and five years later Jose Ellauri was legally elected Presi- dent. During his administration many public works were undertaken, and the transatlantic cable laid, with the result that the national finances became complicated. In May, 1875, Pedro Varela became President, to be succeeded a year later by Colonel Latorre. Numerous changes, at irregular intervals, fol- lowed. President Idiarte Borda, who was elected in 1894, was assassinated in 1897, and was suc- ceeded by Juan Lindolfo Cuestas. who, in spite of some attempts at revolution, retained power till 1903. In March of that year he was succeeded by .Jos^ Battle y Ordonez. Bibliography. Murray, Travels in Uruguay ( London, 1871 ) : Diaz, Notice historique (Paris, 1878) ; Bauza, Hisloria de la dominacidn espanol en la Uruguay (Montevideo, 1880); Ramon Lo- pez Lomba, La rcpublica oriental del Uruguay (ib., 1884) ; Van Bruyssel, La rijiublique orien- tale de I'Uruguuy (Brussels, 1889); Vincent, Round and About Houth America (New York, 1890): De Saint-Foix, La repiibUque orientale de V Uruguay (Paris. 1892) ; Arreguine, Hisloria del Uruguay (Montevideo, 1892); Aranjo, Com- pendio de la gcografia naeional (ib., 1894); Julio Silva y Autuna, Comercio exterior de la repiiblica oriental del Uruguay, Ai'ios iS87'-.9-{ (ib., 1895) ; Keane, Central and South America (London, 1901); The Uruguay Republic: Ter- ritory and Conditions (London, 1888). UBUMCHI, u-room'che. The capital of the Province of Sint-siang. in Sungaria. Chinese Em- pire, and the seat of the Chinese administration of Eastern Turkestan, 320 miles east of Kulja (Map: Asia, H 4). It derives its strategic im- portance from its position on the only road lead- ing from Sungaria to Eastern Turkestan which is available for heavy artillery. T!ic population, which is supposed to have been 200.000 at the beginning of the nineteenth century, is now esti- mated at 30,000. URUMIAH, oo'roo-me'ya, OROOMIAH, or URMIA. A city of Persian Armenia (included in the Province of Azerbaijan), 70 miles south- west of Tabriz and 10 miles west of Lake LTru- miah (Map: Persia, B 2). It lies amid attractive mountain scenery. The American, French, and Anglican missions have headquarters here, and have founded several institutions, including Urmia College, a college for priests and deacons, and Fiske Seminary. The district produces fruit, cotton, and tobacco, and there are important dye- ing and weaving interests. Population, estimated at from 30.000 to 50,000. Urumiah is reputed to be the birthplace of Zoroaster. It was for a long time the pilgrimage city of his followers. URUMIAH, Lake. The largest lake in Persia, situated in the northwestern corner of the country, 170 miles west of the Caspian Sea (Map: Persia, B 2). It is about 80 miles long, with an average breadth of 20 miles, and occupies part of a level basin inclosed by mountains and lying at an alti- tude of over 4000 feet. The lake is fed by several streams of considerable size, but it has no outlet. It is consequently very saline, so much so that fish cannot live in it; the shores are covered with salt incrustations. The lake is very shallow, the mean depth being 6 feet, and the maximum about 40 feet. The surrounding region is very fertile, and is covered with vineyards, orchards, and gar- dens. URUS (Lat. urus, Gk. ovpos, ouros, wild ox, from 0I1C4., AS. iir, Ger. Auvr-oehs, whence the English aurochs, designating a different animal, the European bison; connected with Skt. usra, steer, reddish). A wild ox (Bos primigenius) which anciently inhabited the forests of Central Europe, and is described by Cajsar as common in the Hercj-nian Forest, and of great size, swiftness, and fierceness. The probability is that the urus was the wild original of the domestic ox, by way of the small or long-fronted ox {Bos longifrons) , which was the earliest known domesticated ox in Europe. The urus survived in Germany until the twelfth centur_y, and is sometimes wrongly identified with the aurochs (q.v., under Bison). US'BEGS. A people of Russian Turkestan. See Uzbeks. USE AND OCCUPATION. In law, a phrase employed to denote the beneficial enjoyment of real estate by a person with the owner's consent, but without any definite or enforceable .agreement as to the amount of rent to be paid. The landlord is entitled to recover a reasonable amount for the 'use and occupation' of the premises. See Land- lord AND Ten.'INt; and consult the authorities there referred to. USEDOM, oo'ze-dom. An island belonging to the Province of Pomerania, Prussia, situated at the mouth of the Oder River (Map: Prussia, E 1). Together with the island of Wollin, it sepa- rates the Stettiner Haff' from the Baltic Sea. It is divided from the mainland on the west by the outlet of the Peene River. Length, 33 miles; area, 158 square miles. It is extremely irregular in shape. It is level and generally fertile save for some sand dunes. Its farm lands and forests are productive. Fishing and commerce also en- gage the attention of its inhabitants, who number about 35.000. In summer the sea baths attract a large number of visitors. Swinemiinde is the principal town. USE - INHERITANCE. The Lamarckian principle of the transmission by heredity of characters acquired during the lifetime of the individual ; they are contrasted with congenital characters. That slight lesions are not trans- mitted was apparently proved by the ex]ieri- ments of Weismann in docking the tails of white mice for nineteen generations, and his finding