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* UNIVEBSITY EXTENSION. 747 '99, chap, xviii., "University Extension in Great Britain;" (b) lS;)!)-"l900, chap, v., "Kducational Extension in the United States." In the latter article will be fmnul select bibli- ographies of all branches of the subject. UNIVERSITY SETTLEMENTS. See So- cial Settlements. TTNNA, un'na. A towTi in the District of Arnsberg, Prussia, thirty miles south of Miinster (Map: German}-, B 3). The town has important iron industries. In the vicinity is the great salt mine of Kiinigsborn. Population, in 1895, 12,- 355: in 1900, 14,918. UNNATURAL COMBAT, The. A tragedy by Philip Jlassinger, produced at the Globe in 1619 and printed in 1639. It is a characteristic but hardly pleasing work, with fine bursts of rhetoric. The combat is a duel between a father who has poisoned his first wife in order to marry another and his son, who challenges his father and is killed by him. UNST, finst. The northernmost of the Shet- land Islands (q.v. ). UNTER DEN LINDEN, oon'ter dkn lin'den. A famous avenue of Berlin, named from the rows of linden trees with which it is planted. It extends from the Brandenburg gate to the palace of Em- peror William I., and is extended thence to the Royal Palace by the Platz am Opernhaus, Platz am Zeughaus, and the Lustgarten, a total length ■of about a mile. The street is 196 feet broad and is flanked by the finest shops, the university, arsenal, and several palaces. UNTERWALDEN, oon'ter-val'den. A canton of Switzerland, bounded by the Canton of Lu- cerne and the Lake of Lucerne on the north, the Canton of Uri on the east, Bern on the south, and Lucerne on the west (Map: Switzerland, 2). It is divided into the two half cantons of Nidwalden (112 square miles) and Obwalden (183 square miles), of which the former forms a part of the Engelberg Valley and slopes toward Lake Lucerne ;, the latter is more elevated, belonging to the region of the Bernese and the Lucerne Alps. The principal river is the Aa. Stock-raising and gardening are the leading industries, and dairy products and fruit are the main exports. The two half cantons have sepa- rate governments, and are among the most demo- cratic cantons in Switzerland, the legislative power being exercised directly by the people as- sembled in the Landsgemeinde. The initiative is in force. The canton sends two members to the National Council. The capital of Obwalden is Sarnen. and of Xidwalden. Stanz. Population, in 1900, Obwalden, 15,270'; Nidwalden, 13,017. The inhabitants are mostly German-speaking Catholics. Unterwalden originally belonged to Aargau and Ziiriehgau. It came under the rule of the Haps- burgs, took part in the uprising against them, and in 1291 conchided an alliance with Uri and Sehwyz, which formed the nucleus of the Swiss Confederation. It took part in the formation of the League of Sarnen (1832) and the Sonder- bund (18-13). UN'WIN, WlLLI.M C.WTHORXE (1838—). An English engineer, born at Essex. He was a student under Sir William Fairbairn, and from 1868 to 1872 was instructor at the Royal School Vol. XIX.^s. UPANISHAD. of Naval Architecture. In 1872 he was matic professor of mechanical and hydraulic engineer- ing at the Royal Indian Engineering College, and in 1884 profe.ssor of engineering at the Central Technical College of the Guilds of London. His publications include: Wruiiyht Iron Bridges and Roofs (1869) ; 1'he Tcxtimj of Materials of Con- struction (1888) ; Development of the Ejrperimen- tal Study of Steam Engines ( 1895) ; and The Life of Uirn (Watt Lecture, 1896). UNYORO, un-yr/ro. A native kingdom of Cen- tral Africa, northwest of the Kingdom of Uganda, between lakes Albert and Ibrahim, and con- stituting a part of the Western Province of the Uganda Protectorate (Map: Congo Free State, F 2). Estimated area, 32.000 square miles; population unknown. In the south the coun- try is hilly and in the north level and heavily wooded. The inhabitants are the Wanyoro, an agricultural Bantu tribe, whose language has extended to other territories. Under British protection the country has made conunendable progress. See Ug. da Pbotectobate. UPANISHAD, oo'pa-ne-shiid' (Skt. «;)o«i«ad, a sitting down beside, session, esoteric doctrine). The name of a class of Vedic works devoted to theological and philosophical speculations on the nature of the world and man. In the Vedic liter- ature the Upanishads are closely related with the Aranyakas, being either imbedded in them or forming their concluding chapters. Both Aran- yakas and Upanishads are found generally at the end of the Brahmanas, or, as in the Isu-Vpani- sTiad, even at the end of a Samhita. (See Veda.) They mark, therefore, a course of advanced knowledge consciously regarded as subsequent and superior to the primary ritual instruction which is the ordinary theme of the Veda. Hence the Upanishads are also called vednnta. 'end of the Veda,' a term which is later interpreted to mean 'final goal of the Veda.' (See Vedanta.) All Hindu speculation presupposes the theory of transmigration of souls. In the oldest Vedic period the Hindu people took a joyous view of future life. At a somewhat later period, how- ever, the Hindus acquired, probably from popular channels, the firm belief in Karma (q.v.), wliieh appears first in the Satapatha Brahmana. and has since remained an axiom of Hindu thought which requires no proof, doubted by none ex- cept by materialistic atheists. The theory of transmigration is coupled in the Upanishads with the equally important theory of the world- soul and its presence in all living or organic beings (pantheism). The human body is sup- posed to be pervaded by breaths, almnn. These vivify the body and are the essential part, the ego, the individual existence. The almans. or breaths, are conceived as flowing from a single atman, the universal ego. All the worlds are merely an emanation of this great universal ego; the atman is the all. The notion of the iitman is further coupled with that of the hrahma. 'the sacred word.' (See Brahma.) The two ideas, in tiine, are fused so that in the composite nfmnn- hrahma we have two manifestations of the final all-power. Here the atman represents, as it were, the physical aspect, while the hrahma. stands for the spiritual side of universal life and the ulti- mate essence. The fundamental doctrine of the Upanishads is the identity of the individual soul