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* UNIVEKSITY. 745 UNIVERSITY EXTENSION. a certain proportion of tlicir number. In some of the State universities, as, for instance, tlie University of Michigan, the regents are elected by popular vote, and in others are appointed by the Governor, and in both cases the ollice has a semi-political significance. The right of inter- ference with the internal concerns of the univer- sity' is not always actively exercised. The organization of the professors and in- structors in American universities differs widely. In the institutions where most of the work is in arts and science there is generally a single faculty. In the larger universities the faculties are often wholly distinct, the president acting as the only bond between them. Each faculty, then, legislates independently of the others on matters affecting its own local interests, while questions affecting the university as a whole are left largely to the board of trustees, advised by the president and sometimes by the faculties. From what has been said concerning the rela- tion of colleges and universities, it will be readily seen that it is impossible to give any statistics covering all universit}' work in the United States. There are few colleges that do not undertake the direction of the work of a graduate student for a year; and, on the other hand, there are very few institutions that devote even their major ener- gies to advanced work. There is no institution comparable to the German university. While the line between graduate and undergraduate work is distinct, there are no such demarcations of insti- tutions. The United States Commissioner of Ed- ucation in his report for 1901 gives statistics for 647 universities, colleges, and technical schools of degree-giving rank. Four hundred and seventy- three of these are colleges and universities for men or for both sexes; of these 336 are open to both men and women, and 137 admit men only to the undergraduate department. The total at- • tendance in these institutions for the year 1900- 01 was 103,351 ; of these 75,472 were men and 27,879 were women. This is an increase of 68 per cent, for men and 159 per cent, for women during the decade. These institutions con- ferred degrees upon 11.463 men and 5050 women completing the course of study during that year. The number of professors and in- structors in these institutions was 23,041; of this number 14,900 were in the 473 colleges and universities of the first group. The total value of the property possessed bv the 473 colleges and universities was $391,230,784: of this sum $177,- 000,000 was in permanent endowment. One hun- dred and sixty-four of these institutions had no endowment, while thirty possessed more than one million each. The total income of the 473 insti- tutions for the year was $33,359,612, and the benefactions $18,040,413. Bibliography. Ancient Universities: Capes, University Life at Ancient Athens (London, 1877) ; Mahaffy, Old Greek Education (New York, 1882) : id.. The Greek World Under Roman Sway (ib., 1890) ; Monroe. fiotirce-Book On the History of Education for the Greek and Roman Period (ib., 1901). Mediceval Universities: The most recent and best reference hook is Rashdall, The Universities of Europe During the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1895). Consult also Denifle, Die Universitaten des Mittelalters bis 11,00 (Berlin, 1885) ; Paulsen, Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts (Leipzig, 1896-97) ; Rau- mer, Geschichte dcr I'iidagogik (Giitersloh, 1882) ; Zarncke, Die deulschen Univcrsiliileu im Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1857). Slore popular and briefer sketches of the entire subject are Com- payr§, Ab^lard and the Origin and Early History of Universities (New York, 1895) ; Laurie, Rise and Early Constitution of Vniiwrsities (ib., 1895). A good bibliography is given in Cubberly, Syllabus on the History of Education (New York, 1902). For the German universities in par- ticular, Paulsen, as above; Kaufmann, Geschichte dcr deutschen Univemitdlcn (Stuttgart, 1888- 96) ; Dijllinger, Die Universitaten sonst und jetzt (Munich, 1871) ; Sybel, Die deutschen Uni- versitiiten (Bonn, 1874) ; Conrad, The German Universities for the Last Fifty Years (Eng. trans., with introduction by James Bryce, Glas- gow, 1885). Yearly statements of lectures with information are given in Aclierson, Ueutscher Universitiits-Ealender ( Berlin ), andtheDeH/ie/iCS Akademisches Jahrbuch (Leipzig). For Ameri- can treatment. Burgess. The American University (Boston, 1894) ; Butler, The Meaning of Educa- tion (New Y'ork, 1898); Eliot, Educational Re- form (ib., 1898) ; Ladd, Essays on Higher Edu- cation (ib., 1899) ; Thwing. The American Col- leges and American Life ( ib., 1897) ; id., Ameri- can Colleges (ib., 1883) ; Butler, Education in the United States (Albany, 1900) ; United States Bureau of Education, Contributions to American Educational History (36 vols.); Oilman, Uni- versity Problems (New York, 1898) ; annual sta- tistics are given in Triibner, Minerva. Jahrbuch dcr gelehrten Welt (Strassburg). UNIVERSITY CLUB, The. A social or- ganization in New Y'ork City, incorporated in 1865. The qualification for membership is the holding of a college or university degree involv- ing a three years' course of stud}-, or an honorary degree from a university or college, if the holder is distinguished in literature, art, or the public service. Graduates of West Point and Annapolis are eligible for membership also. The number of members is limited to 2000 resident and 1500 non-resident and army and navy members. The total membership in March. 1903, was 3278. The library contains about 20,000 volumes. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION. A system of higher education designed to meet the needs of men and women who are unable to attend higher institutions of learning. University extension work was begun by the University of Cambridge, England, in 1872-73, when, largely owing to the zeal of Professor James Stuart, it oftered to supply the towns of England with capable in- structors in the various departments of knowl- edge, under the supervision of the university. The administration of this work was vested in a syndicate instituted in 1873. In 1876 uni- versity men in London founded the London So- ciety for the Extension of University Teaching, which was, in 1902, made a department of the University of London. In 1885 the University of Oxford instituted its 'Delegacy for the Ex- tension of Teaching Beyond the Limits of the University.' This action was the result of the success attained by several of the Oxford colleges in the establishment of 'Extension Colleges' at Reading and other English towns. At the pres- ent time every university in England is engaged in extension work.