Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/82

TATTAM. Epistles of Ignatius. He published a Coptic grammar (1830, 2d ed. 1863), and a dictionary (1835), besides versions of the prophets (1836-52) and of the Apostolical Constitutions (1849) in that language.  TAT′TERSALL'S. A famous English market for riding and carriage horses, situated in Grosvenor Place, London. It was established about 1780 by Richard Tattersall, a groom to the Duke of Kingston. It consists of a large and handsome building in the centre of which is a large court under a glass roof. It is the centre of all business relating to horse-racing and betting throughout the country.  TATTLE. A vicious and hypocritical fop in Congreve's Love for Love, who boasts that he never “kisses and tells;” but he is not above a free discussion of his love affairs. He is smitten with the charms of Angelica, but is gulled into marriage with an aged coquette, Mrs. Frail. The character may have been an elaboration of Malagene in Otway's Friendship in Fashion.  TATTOOING (from tattoo, from Tahitian tatu, tattooing, tattooed). The practice of decorating the surface of the body by introducing pigments under the skin. The process consists in pricking the skin with a sharp instrument and inserting the pigments, usually powdered charcoal, in the punctures. The design appears in a deep blue color and is indelible. In the modern development of the custom other pigments have come into use.

As a primitive mode of ornamentation, tattooing is very widespread, its distribution as compared with the related custom of scarification being determined by the color of the skin. In general, light-skinned races tattoo, while dark-skinned peoples practice scarring.

The original significance of tattooing is disputed. It has been held by some authorities that it had a religious or social meaning, but the best evidence goes to show that it was at first purely ornamental in character. It must indeed be admitted that in many instances the tattooed designs have a tribal or clan or even a religious meaning, but this usage is probably a derivative of the decorative.

The patterns range from simple lines and dots to complex designs. Probably the highest development of the custom among primitive peoples is in New Zealand, though it is also much practiced in various parts of the East Indian archipelago and in Polynesia. The tattooing of the natives in North and South America and in parts of the world other than those mentioned above is, as a rule, of simple character. In modern times and among higher races the Japanese have brought the art to its highest state of perfection. The prevalence of the practice among sailors of all nationalities is well known, but in both these eases the patterns in use have entirely lost their primitive characteristics and are of civilized origin. Consult Lacassagne, Les tatouages (Paris, 1881); Joest, Tätowieren, Narbenzeichnen und Körperbemalen (Berlin, 1887).  TAUBERT,, (1811-91). A German pianist and composer, born in Berlin. He studied philosophy at the university there, at the flame time studying composition under Berger and Klein, and afterwards taught music until 1831,

when he became conductor of the Court concerts. In 1841 he was appointed conductor of the royal opera. He was a member of the Academy of Arts from 1839 and president of the musical section of the same from 1882. His works include the operas: Die Kirmes (1832), Macbeth (1857), Cesario (1874), music for the Medea of Euripides, and Shakespeare's Tempest. His songs were popularized by Jenny Lind and other noted singers.  TAUCHNITZ,, , Baron (1816-95). A German publisher, born near Naumburg, a nephew of. His firm, founded in Leipzig (1837), was noted for its accurate classical and biblical texts, its dictionaries, and other works of reference. In 1841 Tauchnitz began a Collection of British Authors, now extending to some 3500 volumes and widely read on the Continent. English authors were paid a royalty by Tauchnitz, who thus helped to establish the present international copyright law. A similar collection of translated German Authors was begun in 1866 and Students' Tauchnitz Editions of English and American works began to appear in 1886 with German notes and introductions. Tauchnitz was made Baron in 1860, British Consul General for Saxony in 1872, and member of the Saxon House of Peers in 1877.  TAUCHNITZ, (1761-1834). A German publisher, born in Grosspardau. He began to print books in 1797 at Leipzig. He was the first to use stereotype plates (1816) in Germany. His stereotyped editions of the classics were once widely famed alike for their cheapness, their convenience, and their accuracy. He thus printed a Bible in Hebrew and the Koran in Arabic. By his will Leipzig received 4,500,000 marks for charitable ends. The business was continued by his son Karl Christian (1798-1884).  TAUERN,. A division of the Eastern Alps, including the principal section of what was known to the ancients as the Noric Alps (Map:, D 3). It lies between the rivers Drave and Mur on the south and the Enns on the north, and extends from the eastern part of Tyrol through the Austrian crownlands of Salzburg and Carinthia into the northern part of Styria. The system consists of two main divisions, the Hohe (high) Tauern in the west, and the Niedere (low) Tauern in the east. The whole system has a length of about 150 miles and a width of 28 miles. It is wholly of Archæan formation, consisting chiefly of gneiss in the west and mica-slate in the east, with some granite. The western or Hohe Tauern, as their name implies, are considerably higher and more rugged than the eastern. Their main range forms a sharp ridge with steep sides rising above the snow line and carrying over 250 glaciers, from which numerous mountain torrents fall in cataracts down the steep valleys. The highest peak in the system is the Grossglockner, with an altitude of 12,461 feet. <section end="Tauern" /> <section begin="Tauler, Johann" />TAULER,, (1300-61). A German mystic. He was born at Strassburg and when fifteen years old entered the Order of the Dominicans. When the ‘black death’ visited Strassburg in 1346, he stuck to his post and comforted the people. Excepting preaching tours into the Rhineland, he remained in Strassburg <section end="Tauler, Johann" />