Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/725

* UNGUENT. 631 UNIATES. in it an active agent. The base consists of pre- pared lard, prepared suet, or olive oil or almond oil, mi.ed with white wax, or of vaseline, or of lanoline. There are 20 unguents ollicial in the United States Pliarmacopteia. The best Icnown of these are uiiiiiicntiiiii lujuw rosw, or 'cold cream;' iDKjiiciituiii ::inci o-ridi, so widely used for simple ulcers; iiiiriiicntiim bclhidoniiw, often used to allay pain; uiiyuciiliiin diachi/Ion, with the virtues of lead plaster; and unguentuni acidi carJiolici. used largely in domestic practice to pre- vent infection iif simple ulcers. Sec Ointme.nt. UNGULATA (Lat. noni. pi., having claws or hoofs, from iinguta, claw, hoof, diminutive of unguis, Gk. ori'f, onyx, nail, veined gem, ony.x, thickening in the cornea of the eye, Olr. inya, nail). An order of mammals, including the elephants, Iwra- coids, hoofed animals, and related forms of the past ; the ungu- lates. The earliest known forms from the liasal Eocene have many resemblances to the Creodonta or prim- itive Carnivora In the small brain, the denti- tion, the comparatively short legs and long heavy tail, and the pentadactyl foot. However, it may be that the resemblance to the creodonts is only a parallelism, in that both these groups have re- tained primitive characters inherited probably from the still earlier Insectivora Primitiva. from which it seems likely both these groups have sprung. The tendency of the group is very early shown in the development of a true herbivorous type of tooth, and a tj'pe of limb adapted to running. The oldest forms have the foot plantigrade or nearly so. but the change through the semi-planti- grade and digitigrade to the unguligrade foot, with only the terminal phalanx resting on the proimd. is rapid. Also in the earliest forms all the five digits were about equally functional, but LEFT FOREFOOT OF CORVI'HO- DO>' (.MBLYPOD TYPE). EVOLnTION OF THE FOOT IN nUGULATEB. 1, Homalodontotherium (lowfr Tertiary) ; 2, HTra<'n[)s (Eocene); 3. Theoflodon (lower Tertiar.v): 4. Proterotheriuiii ilfwer Tertiaryi; 5. Thoatherium (lower Tertiary). began very early a specialization in two direc- tions — the mesaxonic type with the axis of the foot in the third or middle digit, as in the peris- eodactyl or odd-toed forms, and the paraxonic type with the axis between the third and fourth digits as in the artiodactyl or even-toed forms. The connecting links between the great groups of ungulates have not yet been well established. The Condylarthra, rejjresented by the Lower Eocene Phenaeodus, seem to be the most primi- tive, and it is the general opinion that the other groups have descended from some very early con- dylarth. The ungulates undoubtedly began to radiate in the Cretaceous, for, though none have yet been recorded for that formation, there are two well-marked grou|)s, the Condylarthra and the Amblypoda, in existence at the'very lia.se of the Eocene; the Amblypoda specialized' into the clum.sy and bizarre uintathcres (sec Tintatue- RIVM) and both groups became extinct before the end of the Eocene period. The radiation of ungulates continues through the Eocene, and during tliis period all the great groups become well difTerentiated. Of the Perissodactyla the Pala>otheriid:r. Equida-. Tapiridie, Loph'iodonti- dae, and Hyracodonti<hc ajipear in the tower Eocene, the TitanotheridiP ahd Aniynodontida; in the Middle Eocene, and the Khinocerotida' in the Upper Eocene. The great expansion of this group is in the Upper Eocene and Oligocene. The Proboscidea and Hyracoidea probably arose, at the latest, in the Upper Eocene. Besides these forms, which were common to most of North America and Eurasia, there arose in South America an ungulate fauna found nowhere else, consisting of the three groups T.itopterna, Typo- theria, and Tnxodontia. These seem to be en- tirely luirelated to other ungulates except pos- sibly to the Condylarthra. They flourished in the aiiocene and Pliocene and became extinct in the Pleistocene. The ungulates are from the .standpoint of hu- man economy the most important, and have been the chief support of mankind since he attained supremacy, furnishing him with most of the food, clothing, and working assistance which he derives from animals. The four existing suborders are the Hyracoidea, Proboscidea, Artiodactyla, and Perissodactyla. See Hyrax; Elephant; Pro- boscidea; Rtminant; Bovid.e; Hor.se; Rm- NOCERO.S; and the names of allied groups and species. Consult: Beddard, Mammalia (London, 1902) ; Woodward, Vertebrate Palwontoloiji/ (New York, 1808) ; and the recent literature therein cited. UNGULED. In heraldry fq.v.), a term applied to t)ie tincture of the hoofs of an animal. Thus a stag represented with hoofs of a certain color is nnguled of that color. UNGVAR, ung'v.!ir. A town of Ilungarv, capital of the Cotinty " of Ung, 172 miles northeast of Budapest, on the river Ung, and on the Nviregyh.'iza-LTng'ar Railway (Map: Hungary, H 2). The former castle is The manufacture of pottery and vine culture engage the people. The popula- tion, in inOO. was 14.723, mostly Magyars. UNIATES (Russ. xmiijatu, member of the United Greek C^hurch, from Lat. units, one). A generic term used to designate several bodies of Eastern Christians, who, while in communion now a seminarv.