Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/724

* tTNEMPLOYMENT. 630 UNGUENT. justify any conclusion as to their applicability elsewhere on a large scale. It may. however, be Beriously doubted whether any employment is a sufficiently regular phenomenon to admit of actuarial calcilations as is the case with death, sickness, and even accidents. (8) The extension of State industrial enterprise. This in particular is the remedy offered by the Socialists. ( See Socialism.) (9) Industrial education. Op- posed to the Socialist is the individualist who lays stress upon individual training by which the workman will be enabled to turn quickly from one employment to another in case of dis- placement. It is held that industrial evolution has proceeded at so marvelous a rate that it is impossible to avoid disturbance. Distress can best be met by a thorough preparation of the in- dividual and the adoption of such measures as will tend to strengthen individual effort and to widen individual opportunity. UNGA'VA. An unorganized Territory of the Dominion of Canada occupying the peninsula of Labrador with the exception of the southern por- tion, which belongs to Quebec, and the Atlantic coast region, which constitutes the Newfound- land Territory of Labrador (Map: Canada, Q 5). The boundary' of the latter Territory is un- determined, but that of Quebec is formed by the East Jlain and Hamilton rivers. The area of Ungava is estimated at 456.000 square miles. Ungava occupies of the interior plateau of Labra- dor a tableland having an average elevation of 1000 to 2000 feet, and composed almost wholly of Archfcan gneisses and granites, with some an- cient Paleozoic, mainly Silurian, sedimentary rocks. In the northwest the land sinks to an altitude of .lOO feet, and the shores of LTngava Bay, as well as portions of the Hudson Bay coast, are low. At Cape Jones, at the entrance to James Bay, and at several other places the plateau approaches the coast. The surface of the plateau is an undulating plain scoured by glacial action, so that the rounded granite surfaces are exposed, surrounded by marshy depressions. Post- glacial river systems have not yet developed defi- nitely, and the whole interior is a maze of surface streams and shallow lakes, the latter being so numerous that fully one-third of the total area is covered with water. The streams, however, finally collect in a number of main rivers, which have CTit deep valleys in the edge of the plateau, throu,gh which they descend to the coast by falls and rapids. In the southern part of Ungava are large forests of spruce and birch extending northward in the valleys as far as the fifty-seventh parallel, north of which the coinitry is treeless, though there is an area of scrub where gooseberries, cur- rants, huckleberries, and cranberries are abun- dant. The vegetation in the northern half con- sists of sphagnum bogs with sedges and Arctic flowering' plants, followed in the extreme north by tundras, in which lichens, especially reindeer moss, are predominant. Large animals are not numerous, though deer inhabit the southern for- ests, and reindeer the northern tundras, while foxes, otters, and beavers are also found. Large flocks of wild geese and other water fowl fre- quent the lake region, which is also a prolific breeding place for mosquitoes. The climate of the interior is rigorous. The lakes and streams are frozen from October to .June, and the tem- perature sometimes falls to — 60° F. The mean temperature of the short summer is 55°. Large areas of iron ore are known to exist, and there are indications of gold, copper, and nickel. The pop- iilation in 1001 was 5113, almost wholly of roving bands of Indians, who live by hunting. They are partly civilized, and many of them are Chris- tians. Ungava was constituted a Territory in 1897, and is administered by the Dominion Gov- ernment. The interior was practically unknown until its exploration in 1892-94. UNGER, mmg'er, Fraxz (1 800-70). An Aus- trian geologist and botanist, born in Styria. He became in 18.36 professor of botany at Gratz, and in 1850 was called to Vienna. , His prin- cipal works are: Anatomie und Physiologie der Ppanzen (1855) ; Botanische Htreifziige auf dem Gebiete der Kulturgeschickte ( 1857 et seq.) ; Syl- logc Plantarum Fossilium (I860); Die fossile Flora ron Kami in Euiosa (1867) ; and Gcologie der europiiischen Waldbiiume (1869). UNGEB, Joseph (1828—). An Austrian jurist and statesman. He was born in Vienna; studied law in that city, and after holding a pro- fessorship at Prague became a professor of jurisprudence in the University of Vienna in 1857. He was greatly interested in the constitu- 'tional questions of Austria, and in collaboration with Fischhof, published Ztir Losung der ungar- ischen Frage (1861). He became a member of the Lower Austriiin Diet in 1867, and later of the Reiclisrat, where he was active on behalf of the liberal programme. In 1869 he was called to the House of Peers. From 1871 to 1879 he was a Minister without a portfolio, and in 1881 be- came the president of the Imperial Court. His chief work, an attempt to systematize the Austrian private law, was published under the title of System des osterreichisclien allge- meinen Privatrechts (1856-59). Among his other works are: Das osterreichische Erbrecht (1864) ; Der Enttvtirf eines biirgerlichen Gesetz- bitches fiir das Konigreich Sachsen, mit be- sondcrer RUcksicht auf das osterreichische all- gemeine biirgerliche Gesetzbuch besprocheii (1853) ; Die rechtliche Nattir der Inhabcrpapiere (1857); Die Verlassenschaftsabhandliiiig in Oesterreich (1865). With Glaser and others, he published Sammlung von civilrecht lichen Ent- scheidunqen des k. k. obersten Gerichtshofes in Wien (1859-92). UNGER, William (1837-). A German etcher, born in Hanover. He was a pupil of .Josef von Keller in Diisseldorf and of Thiiter in Munich. In 1872 he went to Vienna, where he became professor in the school of industrial arts in 1881, and at the Academy of Fine Arts in 1895. He became the foremost champion of reproductive etching in Germany — indeed, in Europe — repro- ducing the great masterpieces of the galleries at Brunswick, Cassel, Haarlem, Amsterdam, and especially at Vienna, where his principal work was published under the title Die k. k. GenvSlde- gallerie in Wien, 175 plates with text by Liitzow. Consult Graul, ^yillianl Unger und sein Radier- u-erk (Vienna, 1891). UNGUENT (Lat. unguentum, from unguere, to anoint : connected with Skt. aiij, to anoint, smear), or Ointment. A medicament for exter- nal application, consisting of a fatty base holding