Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/709

* UKASE. stitute the present legal code (stod) of the Russian Empire. UKIO-YE, oo'kyo-ya' (Jap., pictures of the passing world). The name of the modern pop- uhir school of ]):untinf; in .Jajian. founded by Hokusai (q.v.) and continued by liis pupils and successors. The beginning of the movement may be traced as far back as the end of the sixteenth century, wlicn droll sketches were made by Iwasa. Toward the close of the eighteenth cen- tury Okyo painted fowls, fishes, and monkeys, their naturalism giving an immense impulse to the popularization of art. The most common form of Ukioye is the nishiki-r/e, 'brocade pic- tures,' and it is the art of the common people. Consult: Anderson. Desciipticc and Historical Catalogue of Chinese and Japanese Art (Lon- don. 1886) ; Brinkley, Japan: Its History, Arts, and Literature (Boston, 1901-02). U'KRAINE. A name formerly applied to a part of the old Kingdom of Poland, comprising portions of the present Russian governments of Podolia, Kiev, Tcliernigov, Ekaterinoslav, and Kherson, and the whole of Poltava. By the Treaty of Audrussovo in 1667 the portion to the left of the Dnieper and Kiev passed to Russia, and later became known as Little Russia. The remainder was acquired by Russia at the second partition of Poland in 1793. ULCER (from Lat. tilcus, Gk. IXkos, helkos, Bore, ulcer, wound ) . An open sore ; a super- ficial solution in the continuity of the soft parts. The tendency of an ulcer is toward continued dis- solution of the tissues in which it exists, rather than toward healing, as in the case of an or- dinary open granulating wound, the latter being less frequently (though properly) called an ulcer. Ulcers are usually classified according to their character and mode of origin into two classes: simple and specific or infective ulcers. In- fective ulcers may result from such infective dis- eases as syphilis, tubercle, leprosy, and glanders. Among the simple ulcers may be mentioned a number of varieties, such as the traumatic or i)iflanunatory, the i-arieose or chronic, the ere- thritic or irritable, the perforatinrj or trophic, the callous or indolent uher, the hemorrhagic, the phagedenic, and the fungous nicer. The structures to which ulceration is usually limited are the skin and mucous membranes. I'pon the surface of an ulcer a layer of inflam- matory exudate is found, mingled with fragments of broken-down tissue or tissue in a state of co- agulative necrosis. Beneath this tissue lies a layer of what is known as granulation tissue, which is composed of polynuclear leucocytes and epithelioid cells, with I'elatively little inter- cellular substance, but richly supplied with a network of capillary blood vessels, and forming the base of the ulcer. Below this there is usually found some of the fibrous tissue of the deeper layers of the skin. The edges of the ulcer con- sist of the surrounding skin, which has been more or less altered by inflammatory changes. The margins of an ulcer are occasionally undermined by the ulcerative process, or they may become firmly adhesive to the periosteum of bone or other subjacent structures. The varicose ulcer, the form most commonly seen by the surgeon, is situated usually on the front of the leg, above its lower third. Around it are generally seen 615 ULEX. the numerous dilated and congested veins whose condition is responsible for the ulcerative process. Passive hyperaMuia and its resultant enfeebled nutrition are the fundamental causes of ulcera- tion in this locality. The treatment of ulceration in general may be regarded as constitutional and local. Constitu- tional treatment consists in fresh air, nourishing diet, proper hygienic surroundings, the adminis- tration of iron where an;cinia exists, and the ap- propriate medication for any specific constitu- tional disease that may be present. Local treatment consists in rest and elevation of the part, antiseptic measures, and the application of special local forms of treatment adapted to the conditions present at the site of ulceration. Bandaging, strapping, and the application of various stinuilating substances are the measures generally employed. Consult Jlorris, How We Treat Wounds To-day (Xew York and London, 2d ed., 1886). ULeAbORG, oo'la-6-bor-y'. The northern- most government of Finland, Russia (Jlap: Russia, CI). Area, 63,957 square miles, or 44 per cent, of the area of Finland. The surface is densely wooded and interspersed with lakes and marshes. The climate is very severe. The chief industry is hmibering. There are also some nie*al works and tanneries. Population, in 1897, 273,290, almost exclusively Finns. ULEABORG. The capital of the Govern- ment of L'le:'iborg, in Finland, Russia, on the Gulf of Bothnia, 498 miles by rail north of Hel- singfors (Map: Russia, CI)". The town manu- factures leather. Population, in 1898, 15,042. ULEMA,. ul'a-mii (Ar. nlamCi. plural of alim, learned, from alima, to know). The theo- logian lawyers of Islam. This religion has no ecclesiastical ministry, as any one of the Faithful may lead a congregation in prayer as Imam. But, inasmuch as theoretically every detail of life is to be guided by the letter of "the Koran, along with all the approved traditions and orthodox interpretations, there is the necessity of a class of men learned in the canon law, who may act as the advisers of the Faithful in all these in- numerable emergencies. These L'lemas, there- fore, correspond most closely to the class of the Scribes or Rabbis in Judaism. The province of the L'lemas is now confined to a limited field in the Turkish Empire. By dictating the details of domestic life, they wield a vast authority over the people, " and stand in- dependent of, and often opposed to, the secular Government. They are recruited mostly from the lower classes. The candidates go up to the schools or universities, where the scholar re- mains three or four years, passing successively through the disciplines of granunar, dogma, and law. He may also pui-sue logic, rhetoric, etc. Tile great Mohammedan university is that of Cairo. The order is hierarchically graded. Above the lowest class stand the muftis, who have vast power in making abstract de- cisions on the law; above these the mollalis (i.e. patrons), who constitute the governing body, hav- ing their chief centres at Constantinople and Cairo: and from this body at Cairo is appointed the Grand Mufti, or Sheikh-ul-lslam, the chief spiritual authority in Turkey. ULEX. See FuKZE.