Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/697

* TYBE. 603 TYROL. after a seven months' siege, and by Antigonus seventeen years later, after a siege of fouitceii months. During tlie Roman period and in the Middle Ages it was still an important commer- cial town. It was captured by the Cru.saders un- der Baldwin II. in 1124 and remained in the hands of the Christians till 1201. when it was taken and destroyed liy ilalik al-Ashraf. ruler of Egypt and Syria. It has never recovered its old importance. The present town (Ar. Sur) has about 0000 inhabitants and otiers few attractions. Consult: Jeremias, Tyrus bis zur Zeit Neiukad- )ie;:ars (Leipzig, 1891); Krall, "Studien zur Geschichte des alten Aegj'ptens, iii., Tyros und Sidon," in Sitzungsbrrichte dcr kaiserlichen Aka- demie der Wissenschafteii i» Wieii. vol. c.Kvi. (1888); Prutz, Aiis Fhiinisien (Leipzig, 1876); Lucas. Geschichte dcr Stndt Tyros sii-r Zeit der A'rpHSj-i/gc (Berlin, 1890). TYRNAU, or TIRNAU, ter'nou (Hung., Xaiiy-S:o)nbat : Sixy..Tni(iva) . A town of Hun- gary, on the River Trnava, 25 miles northeast of Pressburg. It has a cathedral, dating from 1389, and a large episcopal palace. Tyrnau has manufactures of cloth, linen, vinegar, sugar, and malt products, and has a general trade, especially in wine. Population, iu 1900, 13,281, mostly Slovaks and Magyars. TYR'OL, or TIR'OL, Ger. pron. terol'. A crownland of Austria, united with Vorarlberg under one administration. It is bounded on the north by Bavaria, on the east by Salzburg and Carintliia, on the south by Italy, and on the west by Switzerland and Vorarll)erg (Map: Austria, B" 3). Area about 10,300 square miles. Tyrol is almost entirely covered by the Alps. It re- sembles Switzerland, except that it has no large lakes. The Lago di Garda, however, enters on the south. Through the northern part extends the valley of the Inn, with the Lech Alps on the northwest. The Inn is the most important river in the crownland. It becomes navigable at Hall, just below Innsbruck. The watershed in Tyrol between the Danube and the Po, separating northern from southern Tyrol, is formed by the Oetzthal Alps on the west (reaching about 12,500 feet) and by the Zillerthal Alps toward the east. The famous Brenner Pass lies between and marks the chief depression of the divide. In the Ziller- thal group rises the Drave. It flows through the Pusterthal, and leaves Tyrol on the extreme ea.stern boundary. The southern end of Tyrol is mainly occupied by the valley of the Adige, with the remarkable Dolomite Alps on the east. The Adige ilows south and enters Italy west of the Lessinian Alps, which line the Ital- ian frontier. The Sarntlial Alps lie in the centre of Tyrol, at the eastern foot of the Oetzthal Alps. Tyrol contains and is bordered by numerous other groups of mountains. The Hohe Tauern (with the Gross Glockner peak, about 12..500 feet) forms the northeastern bound- ary, the Kitzhiihl Alps lie on the Salzburg bor- der, and the Ortler group enters from the south- west and forms the loftiest elevation in Tyrol— 12,790 feet. The mountains of Tyrol are famous for their picturesque valleys. The climate is of great variety. In the north — the valley of the Inn — it is raw and cold, as is also the case in the Pusterthal. In the south, in the region of the Adige. the climate is hot in sum- mer, and the lassitude of Italy is felt. Vol. XIX.— 39. Tyrol is in general little adapted to tillage, tile better portions being devoted mainly to meadows. About two-thirds of the surface is covered with forests. The agricultural sections arc in the valleys in the northern and southern districts. Southern Tyrol is noted for its wine, and it grows much fruit. Zinc and sulphur are mined; also some coal, iron, and copper. The in- dustries are not extensive. Cotton goods are pro- duced in the Inn Valley and .silk goods in the Adige district. Spinning and weaving as house industries are conspicuous. The wood-carving is famous. Carpets, iron wares, and marble are shipped, as well as cattle, lumber, and cheese. There is a university at the capital, Inns- bruck. Tyrol has a Diet of 08 members — 34 representing the rural communities, l.'i the towns, and 10 the landed aristocracy, the principal ecclesiastical dignitaries having .seats in the body. The Statthalter in Iiuisbruck is at the head of the administration for Tyrol and Vorarlberg, but Vorarlberg has its own Constitu- tion and Diet. Tyrol sends 21 members to the Lower House of the Austrian Reiehsrat. The population in 1900 was 850.062, mostly Catho- lics. About 55 per cent, of the inhabitants are Germans, nearly all of the remainder being Italians and Ladins. History. In Roman times Tyrol formed part of Rhietia, which was conquered by the Romans, B.C. 15. At the time of the great migration of nations it was overrun by various German tribes, including the Ostrogoths. The southern portion later fell into the hands of the Lombards, and the northern became subject to the Bavarians, who were subdued by the Franks. Ultimately the country was divided into a number of petty lordships, some under the suzerainty of the dukes of Bavaria, some under that of the bish- ops of Trent, and others under that of the 'bishops of Brixen. The whole of German Tyrol finally came into possession of one family, the counts of the Adige or of Tyrol (the latter be- ing the name of their castle, so-called from the Roman Teriolis, near the site of which it stood). The last Count, who died in 1335, left one daughter, Margaret Maultasch. She bequeathed her rights to her cousins, the dukes of Austria, who thus acquired possession of Tyrol in 1363. The Italian slope remained in possession of the bishops of Trent, who were dispossessed in 1803, By the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 Tyrol was ceded to Bavaria, much to the discontent of the people, who were warmly attached to the House of Austria. They made a gallant resistance to the French in 1809, under Andreas Hofer (q.v. ), but were defeated. By the Treaty of Sehonbrunn the coimty was divided into three parts. North Tyrol going to Bavaria, South Tyrol to the King- dom of Italy, and the eastern part being annexed to the Illyrian Provinces. Tyrol was restored to Austria by the Treaty of Paris in 1814. The acquisition of Italian Tyrol forms part of the programme of the Italian irredentists. See Ir- REDENTI.SM. Bibliography. Baillie-Grohman. Tirol and the Tirole.se (London. 1870) ; Busk, The alleys of Tirol (ib.. 1874) ; Schneller. Landeskunde von Tirol (Innsbruck, 1872) : Achleitner and lihl, Tirol xtnd Vorarlberg (Leipzig, 1902) ; Haushofer, Tirol (Bielefeld, 1003) ; Purtscheller and Hess, Der Hnchtourist in den Ostalpen (Leipzig, 1800). For history, consult: Huber, Geschichte der