Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/694

* TYPHOID FEVER. 600 TYPICAL PHEASE. 1899) ; and Striimpcll, Textbook of Medicine (Eng. trans., New York, 1901). TYPHON (Lat., from Gk. Tmuv), or Tt- PHoiivs. In Greek legend, the oBspring of Giea, or Earth, and Tartarus. He was a tire-breathing monster with one hundred serpent heads, who after the overthrow of the Titans strove to wrest the power from Zeus. He was finally smitten by the thunderbolt and cast into Tartarus. By Echidna he was tlie father of many monsters wlio were destroyed by Heicules. Typhon seems to be the personification of the volcanic elements, and the scene of the conflict is at first in the volcanic regions of Lydia and Phrygia. and hiter about Etna and Stromboli, while the description in Hesiod of the battle with Zeus is a vivid pic- ture of a violent eruption. For the Egyptian Set-Typhon, who later influenced the Greek story, see Set. TYPHOON (Port, tiifao, from Ar. Pers. tufUn, tempest, hurricane, from tufanldan, to roar, cry out; ef. Gk. Jv<f,av, Typhon. Typhon (q.v.) ; also Chin, t'al fiiny, great wind. For- mosan Chin, tai fiiiig. typhoon). The name ap- plied to the hurricanes that visit the waters east of Asia. From a meteorological point of view the typhoon is a special case of the so- called cyclonic storm. Typhoons usually origi- nate far to the east and nearer the equator than Manila; they move toward the west or west- northwest, but gradually curve so that they often pass northward or northeastward along the coa.sts of China and Japan. Typhoons appear to be quite as .severe on the average as the West Indian hurricanes: the barometer falls even lower at the centre, and the rainfall is probably heavier. Knowledge of the laws of typhoons is now suf- ficient to justify cautious predictions of their paths and the issuance of storm warnings to navigators. All the baguios and typhoons of the North Pacific Ocean have been classified as follows by Doberch, Algue, and Bergholz: Group 1 occur between December and JIarch ; the storms originate between 5° N. and 12° N., and 145° E. and 14.3° E.; move at first to- ward the north-northwest : reach the vertices of their parabolic orbits in latitude 15°-19° N. and then turn toward the north-northeast. Group 2 occur in April and jMay or October and November : originate between 129° E. and 147° E. and 5° N. and 12° N.: move toward the northwest; have their vertices in latitude 16°- 21°, and then move toward the northeast. Group 3 occur between .Tune and September ; originate between 139° E. and 126° E. and 20° N. and 8° N., move at first toward the north- west by north ; have their vertices at 21°-25° N. and then turn to the northeast by east. When typhoons reach the China Sea in the months of December-JIarch they generally con- tinue onward toward the east-northeast, and are lost in the interior of the country. Those that occur in the summer and spring months recurve much more frequently, attain higher latitudes, and are frequently destructive in -Tapan and ad- jacent waters; occasionally these continue mov- ing northeast until they reach Bering Sea or the Aleutian Islands. Full details of typhoons are published regularly by the meteorological offices of Hong Kong, Tokio, and Manila, and their gen- eral tracks, together with occasional special studies, are published on the Pilot Charts of the Pacific Ocean, ]niblished monthl}' by the United States llydrographic Office. TYPHUS FEVER {Neo-Lat.. from Gk. ri'ooc, stupor, mist, vapor, smoke). Jail Fever, Ship Fever, or .Spotted Fever. An acute, specif- ic and highly contagious fever, endemic, and also prevailing in epidemics, especially in times of destitution and in the jjresence of overcrowding and bad ventilation, presumably due to a micro- organism, as yet undiscovered, and attended with no characteristic lesion of the tissues, as in the case of typhoid fever, but with serious alteration of the Idood. It is ushered in bj' an aljrupt onset, with marked nervous symptoms, rheumatic pains, rigors, and headache. A maculated eruption ap- pears, most commonly on the fifth day of the disease, of slightly elevated spots, disappearing on pressure at first, afterwards persistent and darker, and there is early prostration of the ner- vous and nuiscular systems. Delirium usually comes on during the second week, sometimes of an acute and noisy character, but oftener of a low, wandering kind, with a tendency to stupor. The fever terminates by a crisis, which generally occurs on or about the fourteenth day, after which recovery is very rapid. In former centuries typhus fever was a com- mon scourge, in times of war and famine, under the names of jail fever, camp fever, ship fever, and the like. It is a disease of the temperate and cold zones, and this fact is regarded as caused to a considerable extent by the mode of life adopted by a great majority of the peoples of cold countries congregating, as multitudes of them do, in badly ventilated habitations. At the present time the disease is limited to half-civil- ized countries and to the slums of seaport cities. Local outbreaks sometimes occur on ships, and in jails and poorhouses. The mortality in different epidemics varies from 12 to 20 per cent. The disease is much more fatal after middle age than in the young. It was for a long time confused with typhoid fever (q.v.), but it differs from this in many ways. The treatment of typhus is symptomatic. As the disease is exceedingly contagious, patients are promptly isolated and all objects that may have come in contact with them thoroughly dis- infected. The high temperature is reduced by means of cold sponging, the cold pack, or bathing, and by the administration of quinine, antifebrine, or phenacetin. All patients are benefited by small doses of the mineral acids, and mild saline laxatives. For the headache and delirium cold applications to the head are indicated. Alcohol is used as a stimulant throughout the attack, to combat the great prostration. During convales- cence such tonics as strychnine and quinine are most useful. The patient may be nourished by liquid foods. TYPICAL PHRASE (Lat. ti/picalis. from ti/piens, from Gk. tv-ckoc, typikos, relating to a type, conformable, from ri-of, typos, type, figure, impress, blow). In dramatic music, the recurrence of a theme or phrase to mark the similarity of the dramatic situation between the part where such a phrase occurs and the part where it was first heard. The typical phrase is essentially different from the leitmotiv. Where- as the leitmotiv constitutes the basic material