Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/681

* TYLER'S REBELLION. 589 TYLOR. the powerful Fislimongers' Company sided with them, and Iiotli the southern and northern armies were admitted into the city. The former straight- way invested the Tower of London, in wliioh the Kinjt, his Council, and many of the nobility had taken refige. In vain did Richard try to calm them from a turret; yielding to their threats, the Council agreed to the King's meeting them on the following morning at Mile End. The traTlitional account of this conference, based on Froissart, represents the boy King by his cool courage calming the raging insurgents and inducing them to disperse. In reality it was a conference between the timid lad and the lead- ers, with Tyler as spokesman, in presence of the entire rebel army. The King listened to Tyler's harangues, graciously granted all their demands, and then retired to the Tower Ro.yal, another London fortress. The insurgents' demands in- cluded the abolition of serfdom, a maximum rent of fourpence the acre for lands thus freed, the right to buy and sell free of toll all over Eng- land, and the abolition of the Statutes of Labor- ers, by which wages had been fixed in the inter- ests of the landlords and master craftsmen. The King also agreed to the execution of his min- isters by the insurgents, and promised in future to choose his councilors from among them. By virtue of this grant, the commons marched straightway to the Tower, seized and beheaded such of the ministers as they could secure — the Archbishop of Canterbury, who was Chancellor, and the Treasurer, Sir Robert Hales, besides a few others, among whom were four collectors of the poll-tax. Meanwhile a large number of the insurgents returned home, satisfied with the abolition of villeinage. But the most formidable division, under Tyler, Straw, and Ball, remained, demanding further economic concessions, and above all the reformation of the Church, in ac- cordance with Ball's ideals. The King agreed to meet them at Smithficid at vespers of June 15. Here, too, the traditional account has thrown unnecessary glamor about the heroism of Walworthc, Mayor of London, and the boy King. In reality, Tyler was lured out of sight of his men, and after his demands had been granted, a pretext was foiuid to arrest him, in resisting which he was dispatched by Walworthe and others of the royal retinue. Their demands having been granted, the reliels were induced to go to Saint .John's Field, as they supposed, at T^-lcr's command. When they learned the truth, and saw the royal forces ap))roaching, they were glad to disperse, retaining the charters of free- dom granted at Mile End. The demands of the insurgents at Smithfield include two legal requirements directed especially against the Statutes of Laborers, one against serfdom, and a fourth demanding free use of woods, hunting and fishing to all tenants of manors. Their demands for the reformation of the Church dift'er from others of a later period in that the confiscation of church property ac- crues to the benefit of the common people, in- stead of King or nobility, by enfranchising the tenants of clerical domains and decreasing cleri- cal taxes. The reforms were the most democratic ever demanded. Though the political and economic aspira- tions of the peasantry formed the backbone of the revolt of 1381, there were other important factors. The lower classes of the towns sym- pathized with the insurgents. In .some cases the city governments, like Canterbury and Bridge- water in the south and York, Scarlmrough, and Beverley in the north, were implicated. . very important factor was a general uprising against the monasteries, both of tenants and especially of mesne towns. At Saint Albans, both towns- men and ])easants extorted charters of lil)erties. Tlicre were similar movements at Heading, Dun- stable, and many other smaller foundations; at Cambridge the movement took the form of an uprising against the universitj'. In Sussex it centred in a fierce revolt against Abbey Saint Edmunds, the prior of which was beheaded, John 'rawe, the captain of the county, was a priest, as were several others of the leaders. In Norfolk the plundering was es.pecially severe; under the leadership of GeotTrey Lister and Sir Koger Bacon, ambassadors with a large sum of money were sent to the King to obtain the liberties desired. All of these local outbreaks were more or less connected with the central movement. There was rather less plundering than might have been expected, and violence was usually directed against persons connected with the Government or local oppressions, and espe- cially those known as adherents of ,Iohn of Gaunt, After the rebels had retired, the remnants of the rexolt were stamped out with great severity; the liberties granted were everywhere revoked, and the reaction was far bloodier than the revolt. The efl'ect of the movement was to abolish for the time the poll-taxes, to do away prac- tically with the Statute of Laborers, and to hasten the general tendency toward the aboli- tion of villeinage. Consult Kriehn, in Amerirdii Hisforical Re- vien vol, vii. (New York, 1902) ; also Powell, The Risina in East AnrjHa in 13S1 (Cambridge, 1806) ; Kfville, Soulrrement dcs Iravailleurs d'Anglclerre en 13S1 (Paris, 1898); Trevelyan, Englnvd in the Age of Wycliffe (London, 1899) ; id.. The Peasant Rising and the Lollards (ib., 1899). TYLOP'ODA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. Ti/.o(, tylos, knob, knot, callus -|- 7roi5f, pous, foot). A section of the Runiinantia, which em- braces the Camelidie, distinguished by the padded character of the soles of the feet. See Camelid.E. TY'LOR, Edward Burnett (1832—). An Englisli antliropologist, born in London. He was educated at the Grove House School, Tottenham. He entered his father's brass foundry in 1848, but his health forced him to abandon the work. After a year's travel in the L^nited States, he went to Mexico in 1856 with Henry Christy and in 1859 published the results of his observation in a volume entitled Anahuae. or Mexico and the Mexicans, which shows great accuracy of description. In 1865 his Rcsenrehes into the Earl;/ [listori/ of Manl:ind appeared; in 1871 he ])ublished his Pritnitiee Culliue, in 1881 his Anthropology, and in 1900 The Nat- ural History of Religion. These works im- mediately became popular and have exerted a profound infiuence on the development of anthropological science. Tylor's most important scientific contribution is his treatment and de- velopment of the doctrine of animism as the fundamental and universal factor in primitive